SINGALLING AND TELECOMMUNICATION IN INDIAN RAILWAY

PRESENTED BY: ANKITA JANGID 7th SEM ECE 09ESOEC012

INDIAN RAILWAY

central government-owned railway company of India fourth largest railway network after United States, Russia and China. 64,215 kilometers (39,901 mi) of track and 7,083 stations.

Railway zones
Number of Zones Eight in 1951 Nine in 1952 Finally 17 in 2010 and sixty-seven divisions.

RAILWAY SIGNALLING:
Used to control railway traffic safely, essentially to prevent trains from colliding 1. Block signaling
2. 3. 4. 5.

Entering and leaving a manually-controlled block Fixed block Automatic block Permissive and absolute blocks Moving block Train detection Mechanical signals Colour light signals Route signaling and speed signaling

TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL

RAILWAY CONTROL CIRCUITS:- Telephone circuits which provide communication
with each train working point, thus facilitating efficient train operation.

TYPE OF CONTROL SYSTEM: 1. Section control / train control 2. Deputy control 3. Traction loco control 4. Emergency control 5. Emergency wireless control communication

Handsets Walkie-talkie

DATA NETWORKS OF IR

Railnet General Arrangement

Server Modem Railnet Router Switch Hub Internet Firewall Users

General arrangement of a NW

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
LAN - Local Area Network

Nodes are connected within a small area like an office complex. Media can be RADIO or OPTICAL FIBER.

high speeds
limited geographical area

WAN - Wide Area Network

Nodes can be anywhere geographically scattered. Uses modern Long distance communication systems and technologies Unlimited geographical area Interconnect multiple LANs lower speeds (lower bandwidth)

Storage Area Network

GBIC
SFP MODULES Optical fiber connections

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication means sending and receiving of signal between two stations through different mediums.

In communication system there are three essential components that should be considered:-

1. 2. 3.

Sending (Tx) RECEIVING (Rx) Medium

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
1.

OVERHEAD COMMUNICATION:-using wires a signal were transferredover a

long distance. No Faults due to contact, earth crust, break etc. Limitations of circuits secrecy

2.

UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATION:- a bunch of conductors (Cables) that

were used for the signal transfer. Grounding approximated to 1 km Total interruption with any fault Joining is difficult Equipment cost high

3. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

Allocated the frequency band of 7.125 GHz to 7.425 GHz. Brings revolutionary changes in the field of railways communication system.

MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION: Radio communication

The digital radio is use in railway from 1993 for the communication purpose.

Optical Fiber Communication

Use the phenomenon of TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF LIGHT The transmitter uses a light source (LASER DIODE or LED) for electrical to optical conversion The receiver uses either detector (PIN Diode or APD) for optical to electrical conversion.

Difficulty in splicing (jointing) Highly skilled staff would be required for maintenance Precision and costly instruments required Accept unipolar codes i.e. return to codes only Tapping is difficult

ADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION: Large bandwidth is possible. Hence, more information can be transmitted as hundreds of channel is possible(approx 960). Better quality of service due to negligible voice.

RECEIVING SIDE:

From antenna

Waveguide & switching device

Radio

HF

Multiplexer

VF

A/D CONVERTER

Modulator

transmitter

optical fiber
Regenerator

D/A converter

Demodulator

Receiver

COMMUNICATION USING OPTICAL FIBER

STM
STM stands for synchronous transmit module. it is used to produce 63 channel stream output which is in the form of light. STM is also known as sonnet (synchronous optical network) in American standard. It means 63E1 data (155.54mbps) are in an STM1 system. In STM4 four STM1 systems are connected similarly in STM16 the 16 STM1 system are there.

155.54Mbps STM1

63 E 1

T D M T D M

STM4

STM16 T D M T D M STM64

SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMIT MODULE

PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM (PRS)

PRS is the complete solution to provide computerized reserved tickets to railway passengers from dedicated terminals It uses Dumb Terminal technology

PRS system comprises of

Five (5) Main Frame Servers are located at
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

New Delhi Kolkata Mumbai Chennai Secundrabad

INTRA PRS CONNECTIVITY

Typical arrangement of PRS Terminals

Data Server Connectivity Network of PRS Server locations

PRS
MUMBAI

J.Vijay Kumar, NEW DELHI INW2, NW- Lab

KOLKATA

CHENNAI
2Mbps RAILTEL 2Mbps BSNL 64Kbps BSNL

SECUNDERABAD

Terminals at locations up to 50 feet

Terminal Server

Terminal at locations up to 3Km

Line driver Line driver

STATMUX

STATMUX

Modem

Modem

Multiple Terminals (up to 16) at Remote Stations, using STATMUX

Terminal Server

STATMUX

STATMUX

DATA COMPRESSION MUX (DCM)

STATMUX

Terminal Server

Modem

Modem

STATMUX

Leased Line

STATMUX

STATMUX

Modem

Modem

DATA COMPRESSION MUX (DCM)

Terminal Server

Multiple terminals (>16) at remote location, duly compressing (DCM) the output streams of multiple (up to 8) STATMUXes. DCM provided with one high speed output stream as main transmission and a standby output stream of low speed (64K)

15

UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM (UTS)

UTS is the complete solution to provide computerized un-reserved tickets to railway passengers from dedicated counter terminals, hand held terminals, smart card, automatic vending machines etc.

The various equipments used are:(In UTS and PRS)

Modem Multiplexing equipment End terminal Terminal and terminal server Baseband modem Router

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UTS

Terminal Terminal server Baseband modem Router

PCM-TDM NETWORK
Terminal

Terminal server

Baseband modem

Router

Multiplexing

Process of converting multi inputs signal into one output signal.

Two types of data are there for transmission. They are

1) Analog dataFDM (Frequency division multiplexing) 2) Digital dataTDM (Time division multiplexing). For speech frequency range is .3-3.4 kHz i.e. approx 0-4 kHz.

The digital radio is use in railway from 1993 for the communication purpose.

2Kbps 2.048Mbps E1

32

T D M T D M

E2

34Mbps E3 T D M T D M E4

MULTIPLEXING STANDARD

RAILNET

Interconnection and infrastructure medium of different railway zone and division RAILNET is aimed to connect Railway Board with all Zonal, Divisional, Subdivisional Eliminate the need to move paper documents between different Railway units & to achieve paper less office working

Raliway Internet
All Railway units i.e. Railway Board, Zonal Railways, Production units, CTIs launched their web

Railway Mail servers

Also called CWIS

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
It is a place where switching between two subscribers is done through either manually or electronically. In addition to switching, signalling and controlling are also done at Exchange.

It consists of the following functional blocks:

a) Main Distribution Frame. b) Card Frame. c) Mother board. d) Power supply panel with protective devices .

MAIN FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

a) Switching Function: provides a temporary path

Local switching Trunk switching Transit switching

b) Signalling function: establish and supervise the calls

i)
ii)

subscriber line signalling Inter exchange signalling

c) Controlling function: performs the task of processing the signalling

information and controlling the operation of the switching network.
i) ii)

Wired logic control Stored Programme Control (SPC)

THANK YOU