ENGINEERING MATERIALS

AN INTRODUCTION Lec-1 Dr. Muhammad Riaz Bhatti

ENGINEERING MATERIALSAN INTRODUCTION

Materials can be defined as anything which satisfies the human needs
or Materials are substances of which some thing is composed or made of. Since civilization materials are in use by people to improve their standard of living. Materials are everywhere about us in the shapes of products
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Historical Perspective
Beginning of the Material Science People began to make tools from stone Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (copper + tin + other elements). Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.
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Historical Perspective
The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today.
Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person.

Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.
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Historical Perspective
A better understanding of structure-composition properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALSAN INTRODUCTION

Commonly encountered materials are wood (timber), concrete, bricks, steel. plastic, glass, rubber, aluminum, copper and paper etc.

If we look around we can easily realize that there are

many more kinds of materials. These new types of materials are being frequently developed as a result of constant research and development.
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The world of materials

Metals, alloys

Polymers, elastomers

Ceramics, glasses

Hybrids, composites

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The world of materials

Polymers, elastomers

Metals, alloys

Ceramics, glasses

Hybrids, composites

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Engineering materials
The term engineering materials is specifically used to refer materials to produce technical products However there is no limiting line between the terms Materials and Engineering materials, they can be used interchangeably
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Engineering materials
Engineers design most of the products and their processing systems for the production of these products. Products require materials & Engineers should have the knowledge of engineering materials i.e.
an engineer should be knowledgeable about the structure and properties of the materials so that
he is able to select the most suitable ones for each application
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and he is able to develop best processing methods. WEC

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Relationship b/w Structural level & Engineering properties

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Relationship b/w Structural level & Engineering properties

Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding). Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
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Relationship b/w Structural level & Engineering properties

Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.

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Structure-Property-Processing-Performance Relationship
Engineering activities depend upon the selection of engineering materials whose properties match the requirements of the application Primitive cultures were often limited to the naturally occurring materials (stone wood, clay) in their environment.
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Structure-Property-Processing-Performance Relationship
As civilization developed, the spectrum of engineering materials expanded.
Materials could be processed and their properties altered and possibly enhanced. The alloying and heat treatment of metals can change the properties of a material.
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Structure-Property-Processing-Performance Relationship
While earlier successes in altering materials were largely the result of trial and error, But now we recognize that the properties and performance of a material are the direct result of its structure and processing

If we want to change the properties, we will have to

induce changes in the material structure
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Classification of Engineering materials

Most of the Engineering materials can be classified into main five categories as under: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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Metallic materials Polymeric materials Ceramic materials Composite materials Electronic materials Advanced materials
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cont

Classification
Polymers Plastics, Wood, Cotton (rayon, nylon), glue Composites Glass Fiberreinforced polymers, Carbon Fiberreinforced polymers, Metal Matrix WEC Composites, etc.

Metals Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, many others Ceramics Glass, Concrete, Brick, Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC

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Metallic materials
These are inorganic substances which are composed of one or more metallic elements.
Examples of metallic elements are Iron, Copper,

Aluminum.

Non-metallic

elements

such

as

Carbon,

Nitrogen and Oxygen may also be contained in

the metallic materials.
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Metallic materials
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Crystalline structure

Strong, ductile
high thermal & electrical conductivity opaque, reflective. shiny if polished Can be plastically deformed on the application of load
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Metallic materials
Metallic materials are further classified into ferrous, and non-ferrous materials. Ferrous materials contain large percentage of iron such as steels and cast irons and Non-ferrous materials that do not contain iron or only relatively small amount of iron. Example of non-ferrous metals are Al, Cu, Zn, Ti, & Ni.
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Metals

Several uses of steel and pressed aluminum.

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Polymeric materials
The word polymer is actually taken from two Greek words, Poly = many and
mer = repeating units or parts.

Polymeric materials are usually long organic molecular chains i. e., compounds of C & H.
So the polymeric materials are organic compounds having many repeated units, e.g., Teflon, Nylon 6,6, Polythene etc.
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Polymeric materials
Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of es Soft, ductile, low strength, low density thermal & electrical insulators Optically translucent or transparent. cheap
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Polymers

Polymers include Plastics and rubber materials

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Ceramic materials
The word ceramics actually is taken from the Greek word

Keramos = burnt stuff / Clay.

Ceramics are inorganic materials consisting of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)

chemically bonded together unlike metallic materials.

They may be crystalline, non-crystalline or mixtures, e.g., glass, refractories. Hard, Brittle, glassy, elastic non-conducting (insulators)
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Ceramics

Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.
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Composite materials
Composite materials are mixtures of two or more materials to produce properties that are not produced in a single material, e.g., Fiber glass, concrete, plywood etc.
The useful properties which can be produced in such materials are strength, stiffness, hardness, temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, conductivity etc. High cost Delamination, etc 1/23/2013
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Composites

Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix.

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Electronic materials
Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).

Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs Electronic materials are used in electronics, especially microelectronics, e.g., Silicon, Germanium & Gallium Arsenide etc.
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Semiconductors

Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

Si wafer for computer chip devices.

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Types of Materials- summary

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The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties
3. Material

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, machining, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing.
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Material selection: Properties/performance and cost

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But:
6 00

Properties depend on Structure (strength or hardness)

(d)

Hardness (BHN)

5 00 4 00
(a) (b)

30 mm

(c)
4 mm 30 mm

3 00 2 00
30 mm

100 0.01 0.1

1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s)

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And:

Processing can change structure! (see above structure vs Cooling Rate)

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Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance. 1/23/2013 WEC 36

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Future of materials science

Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of atomic structure. Miniaturization: Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic components, materials for quantum computing.

Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the air flow

conditions, buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes
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Future of materials science

Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc. Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500C, room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, 1/23/2013 WEC 43 cotton shirts that never require ironing

Advanced Materials
Materials used in "High-Tec" applications, usually designed for maximum performance, and normally expensive. Examples are:
titanium alloys for supersonic airplanes, magnetic alloys for computer disks,

special ceramics for the heat shield of the space

shuttle, etc.
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Advanced Materials
Modern Material's Needs Engine efficiency increases at high temperatures: requires high temperature structural materials Use of nuclear energy requires solving problem with residues, or advances in nuclear waste processing. Hypersonic flight requires materials that are light, strong and resist high temperatures. Optical communications require optical fibers that absorb light negligibly. Civil construction materials for unbreakable windows. Structures: materials that are strong like metals and resist corrosion like plastics.
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Thanks