WCDMA RNP CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning

Prepared by WCDMA RNP

Introduction

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an important

step of Propagation Model Tuning. According

to the CW test data (including latitude/longitude and received level) and corresponding Digital

maps, we can get the accurate Propagation

Model through tuning.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Principle and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

Training.huawei.com

Principle and Purpose of CW test

Section 1

Basic Principle of

Radio Propagation

Section

Principle

of

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test Section 4 CW Test Basic Principle of

Radio Waveband Classification

Waweband
Extremely long wave (EFL, extremely low frequency) Special long wave (SLF, special low frequency) Ultra long wave (ULF, ultra low frequency Very long wave (VLF, very low frequency) Long wave (LF, low frequency Medium wave (MF, medium frequency) Short wave (HF, high frequency) Very short wave (VHF, very high frequency Decimetric wave (UHF, ultra high frequency) Centimeter wave (SHF, special high frequency) Millimeter wave (EHF, extremely high frequency) Submillimeter wave (ultra extremely high frequency)

Frequency
3 30Hz 30 300Hz 300 3000Hz 3 30 k Hz 30 300 k Hz

Wavelength
10 10 km 10 10 km 10 10 km 10 10 km 10 1 km 10 10 m 10 10 m 10 1 m 10 10 cm 10 1 cm 10 1 mm 1 0.1 mm
2 2 2 3 2 4 3 5 4

300 3000 k Hz
3 30MHz 30 300MHz 300 3000MHz 3 30GHz 30 300GHz 300 3000GHz

Microwave

Note: The above table is from Electromagenetic, Antenna and Electric Wave Propagation, written by Pan Zhongying.

Frequencies in different bands have different propagation characteristics.

Generation of Electromagnetic Wave

Based on Maxwell equations set:

The variable magnetic field can excite eddy electric field and variable electric field can also excite eddy magnetic field.

Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic wave) forms due to mutual excitation of alternating electric and magnetic field.

The speed of electromagnetic wave only varies with electric and magnetic characteristics of medium. The propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum equals that of light in

vacuum.

Light and electromagnetic wave are essentially the same. Light is electromagnetic wave of a certain wavelength.

Oscillator

Magnetic field Electric field

Magnetic field

Electric field

Electric field

Transmission direction of electric wave

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

Ripple in the pond: Energy is propagated around from the source point and gradually weakens. Electromagnetic wave is similarly propagated except that (when the

radiation source is isotropically effective ideal point source):

It is propagated in the form of spherical wave in three-dimension space. The propagation media are different, including air, obstacle and reflector.

Theory of Radio Propagation

In the free space, sine wave emitted by point source radiates
spherical waves in all directions. This point source is called isotropically effective radiation one.

Suppose transmitted power of point source is Prad (W), the power of unit area d (m) away (namely, Poynting vector) is:

Prad Pfs (W/m2 ) 4d 2

For actual antennas, if radiated power is Pt (W) and antenna gain is Gt (dBi) , Poynting is:

Pt Gt Pfs (W/m2 ) 4d 2

Theory of Radio Propagation

Suppose effectively received area of the Rx antenna is Ae (m2) and the gain is Gr (dBi), they satisfy the following equation:

2 Ae G r (m 2 ) 4

Therefore, the received power at the place d (m) away is:

Pt Gt 2Gr 2 Pr Pfs Ae Pt G t G r (W ) 2 2 4d 4 (4d)

Radio network planning and design are based on propagation loss. Free space propagation loss is:

Pr 1 4d L fs 10 log( ) 20 log( ) (dB) Pt G t G r L fs 32 .45 20 log (dkm ) 20 log (f MHz ) (dB)

Other propagation models are developed on the basis of free space

propagation model.

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Electric wave propagation system of Land Mobile Communications

LOS and NLOS

Radio
propagation actual environment in

Reflected wave of buildin Diffracted wave Direct wave Reflected wave on the gr

Characteristics of Radio Channels

Radio channels vary with users position and time. Multipath scattering and obstruction result in acute changes to received power.

Pr (dBm)

-20
-40

Fast fading

Slow fading

-60 Slow fading Attenuation: Pr is in direct proportion to 1/dn. Shadow: obstructed by barriers 10
Fast fading Multipath effect
Fast changes to signal strength at small distance and time interval Doppler frequency shift Delay spread

20

30

d (m)

Diversity Technology Measures against fast fading- diversity technologies

Explicit diversity
Space diversity Polarization diversity Frequency diversityGSM-frequency hopping; WCDMAspread spectrum Others: directional diversity, field diversity and transmit diversity Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE reception technology, channel interlacing and error code correction. Regarded as time diversity

Implicit diversity

Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at different time. When the receiver fails to differentiate multipath signals, cochannel interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath delay larger than one chip period (0.26s)can be recognized. Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3
Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology

Doppler Frequency Shift

Example of Doppler effect: A train is passing by you.

Doppler frequency shift in Mobile Communications

f1 f3

Vspeed of MS
angle where signals arrives
f2

V(km/h)

Loss

Diffraction loss T T R

Penetration loss

Clutter loss

Diffraction Loss

Characteristics: Electromagnetic wave is diffused around at the diffraction point. Diffracted wave covers all directions except for barriers. Diffusion loss is the most serious. Calculation formula is complicated, varying with different diffraction constants.

Penetration Loss

Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building. Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room. Building materials have great effect on penetration loss.

The reference angle of electromagnetic wave have great effect

on penetration loss.
w1 0 0 d D w2 0 0

E2

WdBm XdBm

E1
Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic wave through the wall

Penetration loss=X-W=B dB

Penetration Loss

Obstacle/penetration loss is: Partition obstruction: 520dB Floor obstruction: 20dB Indoor loss value is function of floor height: -1.9dB/floor Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 215dB Thick glass: 610dB Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 1530dB Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so Loss of thick leaves: 10dB

Reflection Loss

Ground type

Water

Rice paddy

Field

City, mountain and forest

Equivalent ground
reflection coefficient Reflection loss (dB)

0.91

0.60.8

0.30.5

0.10.2

01

24

610

1420

Radio Propagation Environment

Radio propagation environment determines the propagation models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the following factors: Landform: high mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation Clutter: building, road and bridge Noise: natural noise and artificial noise Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)

Radio Propagation Environment

Type of radio environment

Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1 and specific conditions in China.
Propagation environment Dense urban Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of building . Urban Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide streets. Suburban Rural Mountainous areas Road Indoor Low and sparse buildings Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation Description

Radio Propagation Environment

Type of propagation environment

The corresponding cell type is as follows:

Cell type Cell type Typical antenna installation

Macro-cell

>500 m

Installed outdoors, higher than average height of

surrounding roofs

Micro-cell

100~500m

Installed outdoors, lower than average height of surrounding roofs

Pico-cell

<100m

Installed outdoors or indoors, lower than height of all roofs

Type of other new cells, such as Mini-cell

Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio Propagation

Section

Theory

of

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Test

Purpose of CW

Section 4 Basic Principle of CW Test

Radio Propagation Model

Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.

WCDMA common propagation models

Radio Propagation Model

Common propagation models

Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M2000MHz COST231-Hata model For: 1500-2000MHz

COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model

For: 800M-2000MHz Keenan-Motley model For indoor propagation

Propagation model in UNET

For macro cell on 300M2000M

Radio Propagation Model

Model in UNET:

L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction + K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)

K1: constant (dB) K2: multiplier factor of log(d) d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m) K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff) HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m) K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB) K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d) K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m) Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter) f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter

Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of

Radio Propagation

Section

Theory

of

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principle of CW Test

Purpose of CW Test

Compare

CW test data tune the

GPS

with prediction results, and then

propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy of coverage prediction.

Theory and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Basic Principle of Radio Propagation

Section

Theory

of

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Test

Purpose of CW

Section 4 Basic Principle of CW Test

Basic Principle of CW Test

Typification

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of

electromagnetic wave in this area.

Balance

The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different

clutters in this area.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

Training.huawei.com

CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Site Selection

Principles of site selection

Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be

tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter

(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.

Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test

environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation characteristics.

Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as

much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.

Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if

obvious obstacle exists.

Site Selection
Standards

of site selection

a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m. b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle. c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5m

CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Building Test Platform in Networking

Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and antenna holder

Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop

Tx antenna

Signal source

TMA
RF cable 1 RF cable 2

Rx antenna
Power supply

Drive test instrument

Build-in GPS

Laptop

High frequency signal

source

Building Test Platform in Networking

Record

the gain of the following parts on

signals during networking:

Tx power of signal source
Loss of RF cable Gain of Tx antenna

Gain of Rx antenna

CW Test Flow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Drive Test

Keep to the following standards to select a test path

Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.

Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in

this area if the landforms are up-and-down.

Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the site

in the area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and

vertical route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than

60km.
Number of test points: The more, the better.
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as

possible to improve the reliability of models.

Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when

antenna signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.

Drive Test

Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40 The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal conditions:
Fading over 15~30db without reasonable causes In tunnels Under the viaducts

Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional antennas are adopted for a CW test.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

Training.huawei.com

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section 2 Data

Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning Section 4 Format

Conversion

Data Filtering

Data to be filtered is as follows:

1. Data tested in the places where
GPS is unable to locate accurately (such as under the overhead rack, in the tunnel).

2. Data obtained when the distance

to antenna is too near or far.

3. Data obtained with too weak

signals.

4. Error data caused by inexact AP

(antenna pattern).

5. Other data inconsistent with the

requirements during the route

design of CW test.

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section Dispersion 2 Data

Section 3 Data Binning Section Conversion 4 Format

Data Dispersion

Propagation

in mobile communications can be

1 m( x ) 2L
x L

indicated as follows:

r(x) = m(x)r0(x)
X: distance r(x): received signals r0(x): Raileigh Fading

xL

r ( y)dy

m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading and space propagation loss 2L: average length between sampling areas, also called

intrinsic length

Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh Fading should be excluded. When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long, namely, 40 wavelength) Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the binning.

Data Dispersion

The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:

Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS. The vehicle speed between two locating points is uniform.

The time interval between every two measurement records

is the same.

Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between
two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data filtering Section Dispersion 2 Data

Section 3 Data Binning

Section 4 Format

Conversion

Data Binning

Objectives:

Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading

Methods:

Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and then

take the grid center as the new location.

Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each section to select some point for the location of mean value.

Tool: CW Data Editor

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering Section Dispersion 2 Data

Section 3 Data Binning

Section Conversion 4 Format

Format Conversion
The

data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is

Y CW_Power_List_ CW_Power_List__ _Freq__Hz Ampl__dBm Time Date

Data

format imported to UNET is

Y CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm

X
Format

conversion can be implemented manually

(saved as .dat file)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Principle and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning

Training.huawei.com

Propagation Model Tuning

Section

1 Preparation

Section

Propagation

Model Tuning

Preparations

Installing network planning software:

UNET is powerful planning and optimization software and model tuning is only one of its functional modules.

Creating a project

In UNET, perform planning and optimization model tuning based on each project.

Importing antenna pattern file

Correctly import the antenna pattern varying with different

manufacturers

Propagation Model Tuning

Section 1 Preparations Section 2 Propagation

Model Tuning

Propagation Model Tuning Flow

CW Data Perform Appropriate Filtering SPM Model

YES

Is Filtering Necessary

NO

Change Model Parameter Document Change

SPM CELIBRATION

Analysis Results

NO

Error Satisfactorily Low?

YES

Goto Next Parameter

Propagation Model Tuning

Establishing a model

Establish a standard macrocell model to be tuned.

Select the effective antenna height. Select a calculation method of diffraction loss.

Importing data

Import CW test data file into the project.

Propagation Model Tuning

Map

correction

GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such

projections and reference plane. Correct digital maps if CW test

data does not correspond to them.

Correction method: Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the test data.

Propagation Model Tuning

Setting

Filtering

Distance filtering: Filter the data of which r is less than 150m or r is greater than 3000m.

Signal strength filtering: Filter the data of which Signal is greater than -40dBm or Signal is less than -121dB.

Clutter filtering

Filter the Clutter in which sampling points are less than 300.

Propagation Model Tuning

Parameter

tuning
+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)

L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + K4Diffraction

Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff), Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to finally tune SPM propagation model.

Propagation Model Tuning

Propagation Model Tuning

ERROR (measurement prediction)

Regression line calculated values for the variable

Propagation Model Tuning

Propagation Model Tuning

Correction of propagation model parameters in a city

Parameter K

Reference value

K1
K2 K3 K4 K5 K6

23.2
44.90 5.83 0.5 -6.55 0

Propagation Model Tuning

Analysis

of correction results

Analyze correctness of the acquired model after correction. Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which refer

to the binding degree of the acquired model and actual test

environment.

Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and actual test

environment are well bound.

Summary

After completing this course, you should be able to master:

Principle Process Process

and purpose of CW test

of CW test of propagation model tuning

Thank you!