DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION

Recall: Sources of Data

Methods of Collecting Data

Slovins Formula Sampling Techniques

SOURCES OF DATA
PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
DIRECT /INTERVIEW INDIRECT/QUESTIONNAIRE REGISTRATION OBSERVATION EXPERIMENTATION

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SLOVINS FORMULA NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SLOVINS FORMULA
In doing a research, if the population is too big, a substantial number of samples is acceptable. One way of getting a number of samples is by using Slovins formula:
where

n is the sample size N is the population size e is the margin of error

MARGIN OF ERROR e
The margin of error is a value which quantifies possible sampling errors.
Sampling error means that the results in the sample differ from those of the target population because of the luck of the draw

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
What is SAMPLING? SAMPLING is the process of selecting samples from a given population.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE TYPES OF SAMPLING

TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE QUOTA PURPOSIVE

SIMPLE SYSTEMATIC STRATIFIED

CLUSTER

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING Samples are chosen in such a way that each member of the population has a known though not necessarily equal chance of being included in the samples. ADVANTAGES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. It avoids biases. 2. It provides basis for calculating the margin of error

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are chosen at random with members of the population having known or sometimes equal probability or chance of being included in the samples. a) Lottery b) Sampling with the use of Table of Random Numbers SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are randomly chosen following certain rules set by the researchers STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING: This method is used when the population N is too big to handle, thus dividing N into subgroups called STRATA. CLUSTER SAMPLING: Cluster sampling is sometimes called area sampling because it is usually applied when the population is large. Groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly chosen.

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
Each member of the population does not have a known chance of being included in the sample. Instead, personal judgement plays a very important role in the selection.

TYPES OF NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING: This type is used because of the convenience it offers to the researcher. QUOTA SAMPLING: This is very similar to stratified random sampling. The only difference is that the selection of the members of the samples in stratified sampling is done randomly. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING: Choosing the respondents on the basis of predetermined criteria set by the researcher.