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Satellite Communications A Part 4

Access Schemes in Satellite Networks -Professor Barry G Evans-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.1

Satellite Network organisation

EARTH STATION TRAFFIC MATRIX:

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.2

Satellite Networks -Fixed and Demand Assignment-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.3

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.4

Basic multiple access techniques

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.5

Various layers of multiple access

There are two layers of multiple access:
Access to any earth station by several users Access to the satellite by all earth stations

At each layer, the access problem is solved using one or a combination of the basic multiple access techniques
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.6

FDMA Techniques

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.7

FDMA -1 carrier per link-

With N earth stations:

Each earth station transmits (N-1) carriers to the other stations The satellite repeater handles N(N-1) carriers
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.8

FDMA -1 carrier per station-

With N earth stations

Each earth station transmits to one carrier modulated by a multiplex of the signals to the other earth stations The satellite repeater handles N carriers
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.9

One carrier per station

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.10

FDMA throughput

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.11

FDMA Summary
Access Channel: give frequency band Advantages
Use of existing hardware to a greater extent than other techniques Network timing not required

Disadvantages
As the number of accesses increases, intermodulation noise reduces the usable repeater output power (TWT back-off). Hence there is a loss of capacity relative to single carrier/transponder capacity The frequency allocation may be difficult to modify Uplink power coordination is required
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.12

TDMA Satellite System

In a TDMA system, each earth station transmits traffic bursts, synchronized so that they occupy ASSIGNED NON-OVERLAPPING time slots. Time slots are organised within a periodic structure called TIME FRAME.

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

A burst is received by all stations in the downlink beam and any station can extract its traffic from any of the bursts a BURST = link from one station to several stations (TDMA=one-link-per-station scheme) 4.13
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

Burst Generation

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.14

Recovery of data messages

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.15

Frame Structure -Example: INTELSAT/EUTELSAT

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.16

Synchronisation -Problem statement-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.17

Synchronisation -Problem statement Space-time graph illustrating TDMA synchronisation

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.18

Synchronisation -Determination of stat of local TDMA frame instant

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.19

TDMA synchronisation

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.20

Synchronisation of multiple beam TDMA systems

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.21

Open loop synchronisation

Measurements of round trip delay are performed by three ranging stations using closed loop synchronization. Satellite position is derived by triangulation and range from each ordinary station to satellite is calculated at reference station. Satellite-to-station range information and frame timing is distributed to all ordinary stations by reference station
SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.22

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

Frame efficiency

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.23

TDMA throughput

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.24

TDMA summary
Access Channel: given time slot within time frame Advantages
Digital signalling provides easy interfacing with developing digital networks on ground Digital circuitry has decreasing cost Higher throughput compared to FDMA when number of accesses is large

Disadvantages
Stations transmit high bit rate bursts, requiring large peak power Network control is required
Generation and distribution of burst time plans to all traffic stations Protocols to establish how stations enter the network Provision of redundant reference stations with automatic switchover to control the traffic stations Means for monitoring the network
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.25

CDMA -Spread spectrum communications

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.26

 Transmitter spreads baseband signal from bandwidth W to B. B/W = spreading factor (100 to 1 000 000). Receiver despreads only signal with proper address. Received signals with other addresses and jammer are spread by receiver and act as noise. Addresses are periodic binary sequences that either modulate the carrier directly (DIRECT SEQUENCE SYSTEMS) or change the frequency state of the carrier (FREQUENCY HOPPING SYSTEMS).

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.27

Direct sequence systems

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SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.28

Direct sequence systems -power spectrum of data and of spread signal-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.29

Direct sequence systems -practical receiver implementation-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.30

CDMA -Frequency hopping systems

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.31

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.32

Code generation

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.33

Code Synchronisation
-direct sequence systems-

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.34

Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.35

Exercise- Capacity of a CDMA system

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.36

Multiple access -Comparison of multiple access techniques

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.37

Advantages/disadvantages of various multiple access techniques

Type of multiple access FDMA Advantages Network timing not required Disadvantages Intermodulation products cause degradation and poor power utilisation Uplink control power required Network control required Large peak power transmission for earth station Being digital in nature interface with analogue system is expensive Wide bandwidth per user required Strict code sync.needed
4.38

Compatible to existing hardware TDMA No mutual interference between accesses Uplink power control not needed Maximum use of satellite transponder power, most efficient CDMA Network timing not required Anti-jamming capability

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

Random Access Schemes (1)

FDMA/TDMA/CDMA fixed access have been designed for circuit/stream traffic Bursty data traffic e.g. packets- more efficiently dealt with via random access schemes In random access there is no permanent assignments resource is allocated when needed on a random basis

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.39

Random Access Schemes (2)

Simplest system is ALOHA transmit packets and if collide, retransmit with random time difference. Performance via throughput versus delay Throughput = N L/R
N= no transmissions = packet generation rate (S-1) L= packet length (bits) R= transmission bit rate (bits/s)

ALOHA doesnt need synchronisation Maximum throughput 18%

Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.40

Random Access Schemes (3)

SLOTTED-ALOHA confines transmission to slot boundaries and needs time synchronisation Maximum throughput is increased to 36%
0.36

Channel throughput (S)

S-ALOHA (S=Ge-G)

0.18 ALOHA (S=Ge-2G)

Channel load (G)

As system rapidly becomes unstable as collisions build up, usual to operate below maxima
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.41

Random Access Schemes (4)

For variable length messages need to employ more complex scheme e.g. slotted reject ALOHA Use multi-packet message and only retransmit sub-packets that collide Increases throughput (0.37) independent of message length

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.42

Random Access Schemes (5)

Comparison of random access

Autumn2005 University of Surrey

SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans

4.43

Random Access Schemes (6)

Comparison performances
S-ALOHA ALOHA S-R.ALOHA DA-TDMA

Delay

Throughput

For stream or file traffic need to use reservation TDMA (DA-TDMA) schemes
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.44

Random Access Schemes (7)

Reservation TDMA
ith frame R S F i ISFi R S F i+1 (i+1) frame ISF(i+1)

RSF= Reservation Sub Frame ISF = Information Sub Frame RSF used to book space in next ISF frame according to demand RSF can be operated in fixed TDMA, ALOHA, S-ALOHA, etc.
Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.45

Random Access Schemes (8)

Summary
Select RA scheme for traffic type and delay/throughput ( number of txs) Take care to achieve stability ALOHA: short bursty traffic S-ALOHA: short bursty traffic better throughput S-R.ALOHA: variable length messages

RA-TDMA: stream or file transfers

Autumn2005 University of Surrey SatComms A - part 4 - B G Evans 4.46