A.

Strength of Materials
1. Definition : Branch of mechanics
that deals with relations between
externally applied loads and the
resulting internal effects and
deformations induced in the body
subjected to these load.
a. Loads : Forces that act an a
body ( Compression, tension,
shear, torsion )
b. Deformations : Temporary
(elastic) or permanent ( Plastic )
change in the safe of the body.
Change in load produce
2. Stress
Intensity of internal force : Stress = force / area.
Use to analyze the internal resistance of a body to a
load.
Help in selection of materials. Normal stresses
( Compressive or tensile) are perpendicular to the
surface on which they act.
Shear tresses are parallel to the surface on which
they act.
Stress has the units N/m² (Pascal's (Pa).
3. Strain

Relative measure of the deformation ( six component )

of a body as a result of loading.
Strain = change in length / original length of an
object.
It can also be normal of shear. Strain is a proportion
and therefore has no units.

4. Hooke's Law
Basically stress is proportional to strain up to a limit
( the proportional limit )
5. Young's Modulus ( of elasticity, E )

Measure of the stiffness of a materials or its ability

to resist deformation: E = stress/strain (in the
elastic range of the stress- strain curve it is the
slope).
Modulus of elasticity is the critical factor in load
sharing-capacity.
A linearly perfect elastic material has a straight
stress strain curve to the point of failure ( the
modulus is calculated by dividing the stress at failure
(the ultimate stress ) by the strain at failure (the
ultimate strain ).
6. Stress-Strain Curve
Derived by axially loading a body and plotting stress
versus
strain (Fig. 1-92)
a. Yield point (proportional limit)
Transition point from the elastic to the plastic range
Usually 0.2 % stain in most metals.
b. Ultimate strength
Maximum strength obtained by the material.
c. Breaking Point Point where the materials
fractures.
d. Plastic deformation
Change in length after removing the load
(before the breaking point) in the plastic
range.
e. Strain energy
The capacity of a materials (such as bone)
to absorb energy.
On a stress-strain curve it is illustrated as
the area under the curve. Total strain
energy = Recoverable
train energy (resilience) + dissipated strain
energy.
A measure of a toughness of a material.
B. Materials and Structures
1. Material
Related to a substance or element. Defined by
mechanical
properties (force, stress, strain) an rheological
properties
(elasticity [ability to regain original shape],
plasticity
[permanent deformation], viscosity [resistance
to flow or
shear stress], and strength).
a. Brittle Materials (e.g.,PMMA)
Exhibit
b. Ductile Materials (e.g., Metal)
Undergo a large amount of plastic
deformation prior to failure. Ductility is a
measure of post-yeald deformation.

c. Viscoelastic Materials (e.g., Bone and

Ligaments)
Exhibit stress strain behavior that is
time rate dependent (varies with the
material); The materials deformation
depends on the load and its rate of
application.
The modulus of a viscoelastic material
increases as the strain rate increases.
The faster a load is applied, the more
d. Isotropic Materials
Possess the same mechanical propertiesin
all directions
(e.g, a golf ball)

e. Anisotropic Materials
Have mechanical properties that vary with
the orientation of loading (e.g, bone).

f. Homogeneous Materials
Have a uniform structure or composition
throughout.
2. Structure
Related to both the material and the sheaf at an
object and its loading characteristics. A load
deformation curve can be constructed similar to a
stress-strain curve.
The solve of the curve in the elastic range is
referred to as the rigidity of the structure.
Bending rigidity of a rectangular structure
is proportional to the base multiplied by the height
cubed (bh3/12).
Bending rigidity of a cylinder is
related to the
Fourth power of the radius.
Bending rigidity is closely related
to the are
Moment of inertia (I, resistance to
bending),
Which is a function of the width
and thickness
Of the structure, and the polar
moment of
inertia (7), which represent the
Deflection associated with bending is
proportional to the
Applied force (F) Divided by the elastic
modulus (E) of the
Material being bent multiplied by the
area moment of inertia (I).
C. Orthopedic Materials
1. Metals
Demonstrate tress-strain curves as discussed
earlier.
Other important concepts follow.
a. Fatigue Failure
Occur