Power Quality Monitoring

GRID
Technical Institute

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What is Power Quality?

M571 Compact Disturbance Recorder

Measure of disruptions in the power supply

Availability Reliability
Power Quality Events recorded to an existing standard

Power System Analysis

2 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality Standards

Some existing Power Quality standards

EN 50160 Standard (Europe) IEEE 1159 Recommended Practice (North America) NRS-048 standards (South Africa) also ITIC (CBEMA) curve for computer equipment

Defining the technical criteria for voltage quality

> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Dips and Surges

Voltage dips

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 110% 100% 90%

Surge/Swell - Above 110% of Nominal value Dip/Sag - Below 90% of Nominal Value Short time 1min to 60min Very Short time 1 sec to 1min duration RMS Value calculated over 10 minute period
Time

Amplitude and duration

4 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: DISDIP

Distribution of Dips Report

Tabular distribution of dip events

> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

ITIC Curve Power Quality Envelope

ITIC Curve: 1996
500%

Rating
450% 400% 350% 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 0 3 20 500 10000

ITIC (CBEMA) Curve revised 1996 Single phase IT operating parameters Swells or Overvoltage: rating very short over 110%(towards 0ms)

Voltage tolerance

Time mS

Sags or Undervoltage: rating very short under 70% (500ms) Financial Costs

> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Interruptions

Voltage interruptions

120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Time Interruption

Interruption below 1% of Nominal value EN50160 Interruption below 10% of Nominal value IEEE 1159 Time duration depends on equipment tolerance, generally more than 1 cycle

110% 100% 90% 10% 1%

Amplitude and duration

7 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Harmonics and Signalling voltages

Voltage harmonics

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
Limit

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD%) Measured according IEC 61000-4-7 Measure every 200ms using FFT, 10min RMS average Signalling voltages, 3 sec RMS average Losses proportional to Frequency 2

0%
50 H Z 63 H 10 Z 0H 15 Z 3H 20 Z 0H Z
8 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Flicker

Voltage flicker

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 110% 100% 90%

Measured according IEC 61000-4-15, over a 2hour period (Plt) over a 10 min period (Pst) Modulation of the RMS voltage that can be seen by the human eye ~8.8HZ Classified by a severity index:

Time

1 = good <1 = better >1 = worse

Severity

> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Unbalance

Voltage unbalance

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 110% 100% 90%

Where the voltage vectors do not add to zero Where the voltage magnitudes are unequal 10 minute average of RMS values

Time Time

Percentage
10 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality definitions: Frequency

Frequency change

EN 50160 :
50 Hz +4% / -6%

NRS048 :
2.5% for grid network

Swiss- Italian Fault September 2003

11 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Sources of poor Power Quality

Power Quality flows

Sources:
Exported to others Imported from others

Industrial sites

Domestic rural sites Utility network

Circulate within the site

Power Quality as a polluter

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 1

Dips / Sags

Remote fault, load switching

Trips, process control restarting, motors stalling

Surges / Swells

Lightning strikes, arcing and switching

Trips, damage to insulation and winding, destruction of sensitive devices

Interruption

Faults, equipment failure, protection operation

Production down time

Financial costs

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 2

Voltage Variation

Load variation (e.g. welding, furnaces..)

Trips, damage to insulation and winding

Harmonics and Interharmonics

Power electronics, non-linear loads; signalling voltages

Equipment mal-operation, damage to motors, generators and transformers

Flicker

Load variations at a particular frequency(e.g. arc furnaces..)

Noticable effects in the lighting

Financial costs

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Cause and Effect of poor Power Quality 3

Voltage Unbalance

Unbalanced Load variation

Overheating in motors and generators

Frequency

Loss of generation, governors

Generator trip (extreme)

Financial costs

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Why monitor Power Quality? 1

SUPPLIERS

Network Planning accurate forecast of demand load profiling optimise transformer load optimise PQ remedy location Legislation (de-regulated energy markets) Monitor Consumers Proactively respond to complaints

Asset management and customer care

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Why monitor Power Quality? 2

CONSUMERS

Identify source of PQ problems Reduce Financial Costs Lost production Replacement of equipment Reduce Operational Costs Interruption of services Working environment (Flicker) Compliance With supply agreements
Asset management and customer care

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Most prevalent Power Quality problems

30

20

10

Computor Lockups

Flicker

Nuisance Tripping

Problems when switching heavy loads

Industry

Utility

European Copper Institute (2001): 1400 sites in 8 countries

18 > Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Problem woth long lines

Utility Metering claims

Equipment damage

PFC overloading

Data processing

Overheated Neutral

Financial cost of poor Power Quality

Typical financial loss per event Semi conductor Industry Financial Trading Computer centre Telecommunications

000s 3,800 6,000 750 30 per minute per hour

Steel Works
Glass Industry

350
250

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Power Quality Benefits

TRANSMISSION NETWORK

SUB TRANSMISSION

GRID LOAD FLOW GEN POW IMPROVEMENT

DISTRIBUTION

STEEL DEFINED BY IPP Heavy WORKS G POW LEVELS PLANNING GEN Industry
CHEMICAL Medium PLANTS

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
G
Renewable Sources/ IPP / Municipal

END USER VOLTAGE Industry URBAN IMPROVEMENT TRANSFORMERS

LV NETWORK
SECONDARY (RURAL) DISTRIBUTION

G IPP

G
Light Industry

DEFINED IN PQ STANDARDS
DOMESTIC

CO-GEN

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Solutions: Improving Power Quality

UN-INTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

Dips, surges, spikes and interruptions

EARTHING PRACTICES

Harmonics
FILTERS (passive and active)

Harmonics
STATIC VAR COMPENSATION (SVC)

Dips, surges and Power Factor

FERRO-RESONANCE TRANSFORMERS (Stored Energy)

Dips, surges, spikes and interruptions

Important to place at the correct location

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

M570 Compact Family

Typical IED

Fixed option configurations

20A fault current

Up to 14 Channels Optional 4 DI & 4 DO

Unlimited AO by Analog Output Controller Optional Ethernet 70 Series Firmware 70 Series Software

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Event viewing:

MagnitudeDuration list

Global view of the events over the assessment period

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Event viewing:

Zoom of the events global view: 1/2 cycle

RMS

1/2 cycle

Programmed thresholds

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Trend viewing (average 10min)

Voltage

Frequency

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Trend viewing

EN50160 viewing of history data (average 10 min)

Display of events during the assessment period.

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Trend viewing

Harmonic investigation
Simultaneous display of evolution of THD and the accordingly full harmonic content with peak detection :

Peak detection
Spectrum at time cursor position

THD evolution

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

Trend viewing

History viewing: inter-harmonic spectrum view

(average 10 min)
Inter-harmonics at cursor 1 position
Group 2 (150-200Hz)

TIHD
06h00

22h30

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

PQ report creation and generation

Creation

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

PQ report creation and generation

Creation: use of an existing profile (template)

Available actions

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

PQ report creation and generation

Generation: PQ report on a single unit

Events PQ reports

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Win DR Manager (QR Monitor+ viewer)

PQ report creation and generation

Generation: PQ report on a single unit

Events PQ reports

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

Istat M2x3 Measurement Centre Family

M253

Network Analyser (Power Quality)

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

M253 Power Quality compliance monitoring

PQ to EN50160 Permanent monitoring for up to 3 years

Monitoring parameters: Frequency variations Voltage variations

Voltage Dips
Voltage Interruptions Voltage Unbalance Transients Flicker THD Harmonics

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples

M253 Harmonic Measurements

True RMS measurements over 140 parameters 128 samples per cycle

Programmable analogue outputs

Measured parameters: U, I, P, Q, S, PF, PA, f,

Maximum Demands
THD Harmonics up to 63 Energy Cost Management Min / Max values

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> Power Quality Monitoring: Basic Principles and Application Examples