-Parthe D9 -Nitesh D11 -Sahil D17

MRI is a popular medical imaging technique. MRI makes use of the property of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body MRI provides good contrast between the different soft tissues of the body, which makes it especially useful as compared to CT scans or X-rays.

Unpaired nuclei have a finite spin (dipole)

But all randomly aligned H-nucleus has a spin = +1/2 D-nucleus has a spin = + 1 H : Most abundant and most useful in MRI

Note the randomly aligned spins at steady state equilibrium

Low energy configuration

High energy configuration

Energy

Magnetic field

N+ = No. of spins in lower energy level N- = No. of spins in higher energy level N+/N- = e- E/kT where E = energy difference between 2 states k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 1023 J/Kelvin T = Temperature in Kelvin

= x B (also called Larmour Freq.)

(MHz/tesla): Same for nuclei of same isotope
1H 42.58 2D 6.54

For H nucleus at 1.5T field strength

f = 42.58 x 1.5 = 63.87 MHz

Radiation in MRI machine is generated using RF coils

Basically it is a spatially arrange coil that produces a rotating B Just that the rotating frequency is so high that unlike an Induction Motor here there is significant RF radiation emitted also In fact the rotating frequency is should rotate with freq. exactly equal to the Precession Frequency of a proton for a useful perturbation of the nuclei

The pulse supplies some energy to the nuclei, some of which will flip
Spin Lattice Excitation

An RF pulse(rotating B) aligns all the Magnetization vectors in-phase

Spin Spin Excitation Correlate with Synchronous Motor

So now the net magnetization has a transverse component also

E=h

At some point it may happen that

N+ = N-(Spin Lattice Excitation)

Thus Mz vanishes And transverse magnetization is finite

(Spin Spin Excitation)

At this point the Magnetization vector will appear to be rotated by 90 deg.

Note: here the axes X and Y are rotating at Larmour Frequency

If this pulse is prolonged in time

More inversions will happen and the ratio N+/N-

may go less than 1

Now we have the magnetization vector oppositely

pointed
Hence 180 deg. pulse

Note: here the axes X and Y are rotating at Larmour Frequency

The magnetization is a vector quantity that can be represented by a "longitudinal" component along the z and by a "transverse component in the xy-plane Only the transverse component of magnetization rotates and can be detected; longitudinal magnetization does not rotate and cannot be detected directly.

Immediately after being placed in a magnetic field, the individual magnetic moments cancel each other out .Following placement in the magnet, magnetization increases exponentially with a first order exponential time constant known as the Tl relaxation time. The magnetization ultimately settles at an equilibrium value that is dependent on the hydrogen density.

Transverse magnetization results when an RF pulse tips the longitudinal magnetization away from the z-axis toward the transverse (xy)-plane. Whenever transverse magnetization is present, it rotates or "precesses" like a top about the z-axis at the Larmor frequency, which is also the frequency of the spin echo signal induced in the RF coil

Immediately following an RF pulse, a signal is produced by the freely rotating, decaying transverse magnetization. This signal is called a "free induction decay" or "FID" Transverse magnetization decays rapidly due to non-uniformities in the local magnetic field that cause protons to resonate at slightly different frequencies at slightly different positions.

As these protons get out of phase (i.e., "lose phase coherence") transverse magnetization (and induced signal) is lost exponentially. The time constant of this decay is T2*

When a 90 pulse and a 180 pulse are applied sequentially, a spinecho signal is generated.

The purpose of the 180 pulse is to "refocus" the phase of the protons, causing them to regain coherence and thereby to recover transverse magnetization, producing a spin echo.

the maximum intensity of the spin echo signals in the echo train is limited by an exponentially decaying curve . The time constant of this decay curve is the second magnetic relaxation time T2.

T1 is determined by thermal interactions between the resonating protons and other protons and other magnetic nuclei in the lattice.
The T1 relaxation time reflects the relationship between the frequency of molecular motions and the Larmor frequency.

Thus the liquid cholesterol in craniophary ngiomas appears bright on T1weighted images.

Craniopharyngioma

T2 decay is due to magnetic interactions that occur between spinning protons. Unlike T1 interactions, T2 interactions do not involve a transfer of energy but only a change in phase, which leads to a loss of coherence.

When paramagneti c substances are compartmen talized, they cause rapid loss of coherence and have a short T2
Acute Hemorrhage Appears dark

As the natural motional frequency of the protons increases, T2 relaxation becomes less and less efficient and T2 prolongs
Vasogenic Edema

We create a linear gradient along the z-direction

Thus each slice of the body has a specific Larmour frequency

Apply Frequency Encoding Gradient

Slice
Faster

slower

unchanged

Hence every (dx)(dy)(dz) cuboid of the body can be uniquely identified during imaging
Frequency Encoding

Phase Encoding

The intensity data of these signals contains the information on the body cells Can be mapped on Grayscale

RF coils create the B1 field which rotates the net magnetization in a pulse sequence. They also detect the transverse magnetization as it precesses in the XY plane. An imaging coil must resonate, or efficiently store energy, at the Larmor frequency.
Some types of imaging coils need to be tuned for each patient by physically varying a variable capacitor. The other requirement of an imaging coil is that the B1 field must be perpendicular to the Bo magnetic field.

BIRD CAGE COIL

SURFACE COIL

Volume coils surround the imaged object

Surface coils are placed adjacent to the imaged object.

Powerful Magnetic Fields Cryogenic liquids Noise Claustrophobia.

Real-time MRI Functional MRI

cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/inside.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
e-radiography.net en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging math.upenn.edu/~cle/notes/selpls.pdf

Thank You