DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS FOR STEEL ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO ENV 1993-1-8

Major axis joint configuration

Joint configuration

STRUCTURAL JOINT

WEB PANEL IN SHEAR

CONNECTED PARTS

Parts of a beam-to-column connection

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

Valorile numerice ale coeficientilor de siguranta pot fi impusi la nivelul normelor nationale de calcul. Valorile recomandate sunt: M2=1,25; M3=1,25; M3,ser=1,1; M4=1,0; M5=1,0;M6,ser=1,0; M7=1,1

JOINTS RESISTANCE
The design resistance of the connection is determined through the individual design resistance of its principal component parts. The design of the connections may consider either a linear elastic analysis of a elasto-plastic analysis. Generally, when in a connection subjected to shear meet fasteners with different stiffness, the fasteners with the a greater stiffness will take this force (exceptions are presented in this code)

DESIGN HYPOTHESES
Connection design is based on a realistic evaluation of the distribution of forces and moments inside a joint. This evaluation calls on the hypotheses: -Internal forces and moments are the result of joint resolution under external efforts; - Every element as component of the connection is able to cope with these external efforts; -After the distribution of internal forces and moments, the deformations resulted will not exceed the capacity of deformation of bolts or welding between component parts of the connection; -The distribution of the efforts to the component parts of the joint must be realistic evaluated based on the relative stiffness of the elements of the connection; -Deformations associated with any design model based on elasto -plastic analysis take into account the rotation of the rigid body and/or any possible in plane deformations; the same case is considered when the model is a physical one, tested in laboratory (according to ENV 1990)

CONNECTIONS SUBJECTED TO SHOCK, VIBRATIONS AND ALTERNANT SOLICITATIONS

METHODS FOR CONNECTING

WELDING BOLTS WITH LOCKING DEVICES PRELOADED BOLTS INJECTED FASTENERS OTHER TYPES OF FASTENERS

RIVETS

Anytime when the connection must be prevented from slipping, preloaded bolts will be used, category B or C, as well as fit bolts, rivets or welding. Parts of bracing system that take wind action or are used for insuring the general stability will use fasteners in category A.

ECCENTRICITY AT INTERSECTIONS
In joints where components will be eccentrically connected, bending moments along with axial forces will be considered, excepting when this is not a relevant case, according to pt. 5.15, ENV 1993-1-8 and Annex BB 1.2, ENV 1993-1-1

Setting out lines in a chord-to-internal member connection

BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS

BOLTS, NUTS AND WASHERS Reference standards: group 4, 7 and 6, ENV 1993-1-8 Classes of the bolts, according to ENV 1993-1-8; Yield strength fyb and ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts in classes 4.6, 5.6, 6.6, 6.8, 8.8 si 10.9 presented in the table below will be adopted as characteristic values during the proces of design and verifications.

fub

Nominal values of limit yield strength fyb and of ultimate tensile strength for different classes of bolts

ANCHOR (HOLD DOWN) BOLTS Grades in reference standards, groups 1 and 4, concrete reinforcing bars according to EN 10080 only if: Bolts subjected to shear will have the nominal yield strength under 640 N/mm2 and those subjected to other kinds of stresses under 900 N/mm2

STEEL

CATEGORIES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

I. Connections subjected to shear:

Category A: Bearing type; classes 4.6 up to 10.9, no supplementary conditions imposed to the faces in contact and no preloading of the bolt are required. Design ultimate shear force in the bolt must not be exceeded by the design shear resistance, according to table and nor design bearing resistance according to tables also. Category B: Slip resistance in serviceability limit state: preloaded bolts for which the slipping under shear efforts must prevented from during the serviceability limit state; slip resistances are determined according to table and also, shear and bearing resistance forces must exceed the design shear force. Category C: Slip resistance in ultimate limit state: the conditions are identical with those imposed to B category but also, connections subjected to tension will be verified for the design plastic resistance of the net cross section in ultimate limit state , according to ENV 1993-1-1

II. Connections subjected to tension:

Category D: tensioned bolts not preloaded: classes 4.6 up to 10.9, often subjected to versatile tensile efforts (braces). Category E: preloaded bolts in tension: classes 8.8 and 10.9 of bolts for which the preloaded stress is checked according standard group 7.

CATEGORIES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Category-verifications Criteria Connections subjected to shear Type A Bearing resitance Fv,Ed Fv,Rd Fv,Ed Fb,Rd Bolts in classes 4.610.9 may be used, preloading is not necessary Bolts in classes 8.8 and 10.9 may be used, verifications for slip under limit state of serviceability forces being necessary. Preloaded bolts in classes 8.8 or10.9, verifications under limit state of strength and stability being applied. Observations

Type B Fv,Ed, ser Fs,Rd, ser Slip resitance under serviceability Fv,Ed Fv,Rd limit state forces Fv,Ed Fb,Rd Type C Fv,Ed Fs,Rd Slip resistance under ultimate Fv,Ed Fb,Rd limit state forces Fv,Ed Nnet,Rd Type D Ft,Ed Ft,Rd Resistance under tensile forces Ft,Ed Bp,Rd of non preloaded bolts Type E Ft,Ed Ft,Rd Resistance under tensile forces Ft,Ed Bp,Rd of preloaded bolts

Connections subjected to tension Bolts in classes 4.610.9 may be used, they do not have to be preloaded; for the determination of Bp,Rd, see table. Classes 8.8. or 10.9 are used and for Bp,Rd the use of table is imposed

Design tension force, Ft, Rd includes any force due to prying. For bolts in shear and tension see also tables.

POSITIONING OF HOLES FOR BOLT AND RIVETS

Distances and spacing

Minimum

Maximum Structures made from steels according to EN 10025 Structures made from steels according with the exception of those made from steels to EN 10025-5 according to EN 10025-5 Steels exposed to weather or other corrososive consitions Steels not exposed to weather or other corrososive consitions Steels used unprotected

End distances e1 Edge distances e2 Distance e3 in slotted holes Distance e4 in slotted holes Spacing p1 Spacing p1,0 Spacing p1,i Spacing P2 5)

1,2d0 1,2d0 1,5d0 4) 1,5d0 4) 2,2d0

4t+40 mm

max (8t ; 125 mm)

4t+40 mm

max (8t ; 125 mm)

min (14t ; 200 mm) min (14t ; 200 mm)

min (14t ; 200 mm)

min (14tmin ; 175 mm)

min (28t ; 400 mm)

2,4d0

min (14t ; 200 mm)

min (14t ; 200 mm)

min (14tmin ; 175 mm)

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DISTANCES BETWEEN HOLES FOR MECHANICAL FASTENERS -SPECIFICATIONS-

1)

2)

3) 4) 5)

Maximum values for e1, e2, p1, p2 are unlimited , excepting: -elements in compression, in order to avoid the loss of stability and corrosion; -elements exposed to tension in order to avoid corrosion. Buckling resistance of the steel plate between two holes is determined according to ENV 1993-1-1, using a buckling length equal with 0,6 pt; in the case when pt/t<9, verification for buckling is no longer necessary. The area between the hole and the edge, normal to the direction of the effort must comply with the conditions imposed by local buckling verifications in the outstand length in compression according to ENV 1993-1-1. End area placed in the direction of the effort is not subjected to this phenomenon. t is the thickness of the thinnest piece of steel t assembled; The limits of the slotted holes are presented in reference standards, group 7; In the case of staggered holes, a single line of internal distance will be used p2=1,2 d0, providing that L 2,4d0.

a) Holes in parallel rows

b) Staggered rows

Holes in stagger : a)- members in compression; b)-members in tension. 1-end (edge) row; 2internal row

End (edge) distances for a slotted hole

REZISTENTA DE CALCUL A DISPOZITIVELOR DE FIXARE INDIVIDUALE

BOLTS AND RIVETS

For fasteners subjected to shear and/or tension, see table ; For preloaded bolts, the design preload is determined with: Fp ,Cd = 0,7 f ub AS M7

Design resistance for shear is used for holes with nominal diameters having nominal tolerances in reference standards group 7; Bolts may be used in holes with tolerance up to 2 mm providing that Fb,Rd to be greater than Fv,Rd, and in addition for the classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8 and 10.9, Fv,Rd determined with the relationship in the table will be multiplied with 0,85; For fit bolts threaded part is not cut by the shear plane; the length of the threaded part including the bearing length should not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the plate (see figure); Connections with one shear plane (lap joints) will be provided with washers under the head of the bolt and also under the nut and the design resistance in bearing will be limited to:

Fb , Rd 1,5 f u d t / M 2

Bolts in classes 8.8, 10.9 will be used with hardened nuts for lap joints with a single bolt or with a single row. Connections subjected to shear having compensation plates, according to figure, for which tp>1/3dnominal , Fv,Rd obtained from table will be amplified with: 9d p = , but : p 1,0 8d + 3t p

Threaded portion of the shank in bearing lengths of fit bolts

Packing plate

Lap joints with one single shear plane and one single row

Fasteners through packings

DESIGN RESISTANCES FOR INDIIDUAL FASTENERS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR OR/AND TENSION

Failure mode Design resistance for shear plane Bolts Rivets

Fv , Rd =

v f ub A M2

Fv , Rd =

When shear plane cuts the threaded part of the shank (A is the cross section): classes 4.6, 5.6 si 8.8. v=0,6 classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 10.9v=0,5 When shear plane cuts the part of the shank which is not threaded (A is the gross cross section): v=0,6

0,6 f ur A0 M2

Bearing resistance

ab=min (d ; fub/fu ;1,0) In the direction of the load transfer, d will be adopted as: -e1/3d0 for the end row; -e1/3d0-1/4 for the internal row Normal to the direction of the load transfer k1 will be adopted as : -2,8e2/d0-1,7 ;2,5 for edge rows ; -1,4p2/d0-1,7 ;2,5 for internal rows Tension resistance

Fb , Rd =

k1 d f u d t M2

k 2 f ub As M2 For contersunk bolts k2=0,63 Other cases k2=0,9 Ft , Rd =

Ft , Rd =

0,6 f ur A0 M2

Punching shear resistance

B p , Rd =
Combined shear and tension resistance

0,6dt p f u

M2
Any kind of verification is not necessary

Fv , Ed Fv , Rd

Ft , Ed 1,4 Ft , Rd

1,0

DESIGN RESISTANCES FOR INDIIDUAL FASTENERS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR OR/AND TENSION- SPECIFICATIONS

1)- For oversized holesbearing resistance is 0,8 Fb,Rd from the one for normal sized holes; for slotted holes with the longitudinal slotted hole normal to the direction of the effort, the design bearing resistance is Rb,Rd. 2)- Countersunk bolts : - Rb,Rd is determined based on the thickness of the plate, t , from which a deduction is made, equal with depth of the sunk; - Ft,Rd will be determined based on the angle and the depth of the sunk according to reference standars group 4; alternatively, Ft,Rd will be adjusted with the detail of the design; 3)- When the effort in the bolt is no longer paralel with the edge, resistance for bearing will be determined separatelly for all the components paralel and normal to the edge.

RESISTANCE OF GROUPS OF FASTENERS

The total resistance of a group of bolts may be taken as an average between the resistances in bearing, Fb,Rd only if each of the individual resistances is greater than,Fv,Rd. If not, the resitence of the whole gropu will be the sum of the individual resistances. If a spliced connection needs to be longer than 15 x bolt diameter both faces of the splice, shear resistance Fv,Rd of all the bolts will be reduced with a factor 1,f :

The values of this factor are : 0,75.1,0; The shear resistance Fv,Rd will not be reduced if the shear force is uniformly transferred along the connection (e.g., welded connection between web and flanges for a build up I section)

Long spliced connection

CONNECTIONS WITH HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS CLASSES 8.8. AND 10.9

SLIP RESISTANCE For preloaded bolts in classes 8.8 and 10.9, slip resistance will be determined as it follows:

where: ks- coefficient depending on the type of the hole, from table; n number of friction surfaces; - friction factor, experimentally determined, according to reference standards, group 7. The preloading force is controlled in group 4 of bolts; it is determined with the following relationship:

Values for the coefficent ks

Type (description) Bolts in normal holes Bolts in either oversized holes or short slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load transfer Bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load transfer Bolts in short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer Bolts in short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer ks 1,0 0,85 0,7

Slip factor
Friction classes of the surfaces (standards in reference group 7) A B C D 0,76 NOTE: Testing and inspection of connections are presented in reference standards, group 7 The same reference standards classify other types of processing the surfaces of representative specimens Preparation of surfaces subjected to preloading consists in panting in several layers; these layers may affect in time the preloading force in the bolt 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2

0,63

TENSION AND SHEAR OF PRELOADED BOLTS

A slip resistant connection subjected to tension in ultimate limit state or serviceability limit state, Ft,Ed or Ft, Ed,ser and shear, Fv,Rd or Fv, Ed,ser, the resistance of the bolt will be diminished according to the relationship:

Connection in B category:

Connection in C category:
NOTE: If in a connection subjected to bending moment the force of compression in contact area exceeds the tension force, no reduction is applied to the slipping resistance.

ANGLES CONNECTED BY ONE LEG, OTHER MEMBERS CONNECTED UNSYMMETRICALLY SUBJECTED TO TENSION

DEDUCTION OF FASTENERS HOLES

A. DESIGN OF BLOCK TEARING: failure in shear at the row of bolts+ tensile rupture along the line the tension face. Symmetric bolt group subjected to concentric loading design block tearing resistance Veff,1,Rd where: Ant - net area in tension; Anv - net area in shear. Bolt group subjected to eccentric loading design block shear tearing resistance Veff,2, Rd of bolt holes on

B. ANGLES CONNECTED BY ONE LEG, OTHER MEMBERS CONNECTED UNSYMMETRICALLY, SUBJECTED TO TENSION: the design resistance of either unsymmetrical members or symmetrical members connected unsymmetrical is affected by the distribution of spacing and end (edge) distances of bolts Single angle in tension with one row of bolts=concentrically loaded net section for which the design ultimate resistance is determined with:

Block tearing of different types of connections subjected to shear and tension

Reduction factors depending on pitch p1; between limit values, interpolation is applied Angles connected by one leg

STRESS DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN BOLTS IN THE ULTIMATE STATE DESIGN

1. In the connections subjected to bending moment the distribution of the internal efforts may be linear elastic or, plastic considering a status of equilibrium both with the resistance of the components and with their ductility. Linear-elastic distribution is preferred in the case when: - bolts are in a C category connection; -blots are subjected to shear and for every bolt: Fv,Rd<Fb,Rd; -the connection is subjected to vibrations, impact and forces with alternative sign (excepting the wind forces) 2. In a connection subjected to shear all the bolts are equally loaded, providing they have the same diameter and are in the same class.