3-CDMA-Channels STRUCTURE

CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE AND MODULATION
2004.10.3
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to master:
-- The forward channel in IS-95 Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic -- The reverse channel in IS-95 Access; Traffic -- CDMA Call Processing -- New Channels in CDMA20001X
CDMA Forward Traffic Channels

CDMA Cell Site
Pilot Forward Traffic Channel
Forward Traffic Channel
Sync
Forward Traffic Channel Paging Forward Traffic Channel
Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific mobile station during a call. Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel.
This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels. Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.
Forward Traffic Channel Generation 8 kb Vocoding

bits symbols CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps (Vocoder) R = 1/2, K=9 19.2 ksps Convolutional Encoding and Repetition Power Control Bit
chips
I PN Walsh function
Scrambling
Block Interleaving
M U X
1.2288 Mcps
User Address Mask (ESN-based)
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Decimator Generation
19.2 ksps Decimator 800 Hz
Q PN
Rate 1/2, k=9 Convolutional Encoding

g 0 Data Bit Input
Code Symbol Output
g 1
c 1
Symbols generated as the information bits transit through the encoder, are related to all the bits currently in the register.
Each information bit contributes to multiple symbols. Pattern of inter-relationships helps detect and correct errors. The length of shift register is called constraint (K=9) length. The longer the register, the better coding can correct bursty errors Reduces power required to achieve same accuracy with coding Here, two symbols are generated for every bit input (Rate 1/2).
Full Rate Block Interleave Array

Symbols are Written In 16 Columns
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384
Symbols are Read Out
The 384 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 24 by 16 block interleave array read down by columns, from left to right The modulation symbols are then read out of the array in rows
24 Rows
Full Rate Block Interleave

Symbols are Written In 16 Columns
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384
Symbols are Read Out
Adjacent symbols are now separated in time This separation combats the effect of fast fading A burst of errors could effect the area in red above and after the frame is written into the block de-interleave function at the mobile we see the errors are spread out instead of being in consecutive order.
24 Rows
Data Scrambling
19.2 Ksps Modulation Symbols Block Interleaver
19.2 Ksps
User Address Mask (ESN)
Long Code PN Generator
1.2288 Mcps
19.2 Ksps
To Power Control Mux
Decimator
Divide by 64
Every 64th PN chip is modulo-2 added to a symbol Randomize transmitted data

Effects of all 1s or 0s' traffic (impulse-like) is reduced
Eliminates probability of Pilot Reuse Error

Mobile might demodulate a distant cell with same PN offset
Power Control Subchannel

Power Control Bit (800 bps) Data Scrambling
19.2 Ksps from Block Interleaver 1.2288 Mcps User Long Code
19.2 Ksps
M U X
800 Hz Mux Timing
Scrambled Modulation Symbol or Power Control Bit
Decimator
Decimator
Base station receiver estimates received signal strength of mobile over a 1.25 ms period (800/s) A power control subchannel is transmitted continuously A power up/down command is sent 800 times a second A puncturing technique sends Power Control Bits at full power and uncoded
Orthogonal Spreading
Power Control Bit (800 bps) Scrambled Data 800 Hz Mux Timing
M U 19.2 X Ksps
1.2288 Mcps
To Quadrature Spreading
Wt
Walsh Function from Index
Each symbol output from the Mux is exclusive ORd by the assigned Walsh function Walsh function has fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps Result is 64 chips output for each symbol input Channels are distinguished from each other by Walsh function Bandwidth used greatly exceeds source rate
Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps I 19.2 ksps from Power Control Mux Baseband Filter
G A I N
PCM Voice
Vocoder Processing Convolutional Encoding Code Symbol Repetition (Symbol Puncturing) Block Interleaving Data Scrambling
cos(2pfct)
I Q
1.2288 Mcps Walsh Function
Baseband Filter
sin(2pfct)
Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps
The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: I and Q Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHz frequency range The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
Power Control Subchannel Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering
Baseband Traffic to RF Section
Composite I and Q
Each CHM has a combiner and works in a serial array to combine the I and Q signals for all forward channels in a partition sector or cell.
Walsh Code Pilot Channel
I PN Code Q PN Code
Walsh Code Sync Channel
Walsh Code Paging Channel(s)
Walsh Code
Forward Traffic Channel(s)
Composite I
Composite Q
Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation

I PN Code
cos ( 2 pfct )
Q PN Code
Gain Control
Walsh code Every Channel
: XOR
Baseband filter
S S
Baseband filter
S : Analog sum
sin (2 pfct )
: Baseband x Carrier
I1 cos ( 2 p fc t ) + I2 cos (2 p fc t ) = ( I1 + I2 ) cos ( 2 p fc t )
Q1 sin (2 p fc t ) + Q2 sin (2 p fc t ) = ( Q1 + Q2 ) sin (2 p fc t )

Forward Traffic Channel Generation (13 kb Vocoding)

bits
symbols
CHANNEL ELEMENT
chips
I PN
14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps (Vocoder)
R = 1/2, K=9 Symbol Convolutional Block Puncturing Encoding and 28.8 (13 kb only) 19.2 Interleaving Repetition ksps ksps
Power Control Bit
Walsh function
Scrambling
M U X
1.2288 Mcps
User Address Mask (ESN-based)
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generation
19.2 ksps Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Q PN
Forward Channel Demodulation

Digital Rake Receiver Chips Receiver RF Section IF, Detector AGC RF Duplexer RF Transmitter RF Section Transmit Gain Adjust Transmitter Digital Section Long Code Gen. Messages Open Loop Symbols Symbols
Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx

Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx
Viterbi Decoder Packets
Messages Pilot Searcher PN xxx Walsh 0 CPU Vocoder
Audio
Audio
IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements that can be independently directed:
Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath components One must be a searcher that scans and estimates signal strength at each pilot PN sequence offset
Pilot Channel
Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition Transmitted constantly by the base station The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset Provides tracking of: Timing reference Phase reference Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse within one CDMA channel frequency Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by: Short duration of Pilot PN sequence Uncoded nature of pilot signal Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs Used to identify handoff candidates Key factor in performing soft handoffs
Pilot Channel Generation

Walsh Function 0
I PN
1.2288 Mcps
Pilot Channel (All 0s)
Q PN
The Walsh function zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots per CDMA channel The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed 960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25 microsecond
Pilot Channel Acquisition

Pilot Channel
(Walsh Code 0)
0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001
The mobile station starts generating the I and Q PN short sequences by itself and correlating them with the received composite signal at every possible offset. In less than 15 seconds (typically 2 to 4 seconds) all possibilities (32,768) are checked. The mobile station remembers the offsets for which it gets the best correlation (where the Ec/Io is the best. The mobile station locks on the best pilot (at the offset that results in the best Eb/N0), and identifies the pattern defining the start of the short sequences (a 1 that follows fifteen consecutive 0s). Now the mobile station is ready to start de-correlating with a Walsh code.
Ec/Io Measures the strength of the pilot Foretells the readability of the associated traffic channels Guides soft handoff decisions Is digitally derived as the ratio of good to total energy seen by the search correlator at the desired PN offset Never appears higher than Pilots percentage of serving cells transmitted energy Can be degraded by strong RF from other cells, sectors Can be degraded by noise
What is Ec/Io?
-25 -15 -10 0
Ec/Io
dB
Ec
Io
Energy of desired pilot alone
Total energy received
Sync Channel
Used to provide essential system parameters Used during system acquisition stage Bit rate is 1200 bps Sync channel has a frame duration of 26 2/3 ms Frame duration matches the period of repetition of the PN Short Sequences Simplifies the acquisition of the Sync Channel once the Pilot Channel has been acquired Mobile Station re-synchronizes at the end of every call
(Acquired Pilot) Sync Channel
Sync Channel Generation

Bits
Modulation Symbols
Chips
Walsh Function 32
I PN
R = 1/2 K=9
1200 bps
Convolutional Encoder and Repetition
4800 sps
Block Interleaver
4800 sps
1.2288 Mcps
Q PN
Sync Channel Message Body Format

Field Length (bits)
MSG_TYPE (00000001) P_REV MIN_PREV
8 8 8
SID
NID PILOT_PN LC_STATE SYS_TIME
15
16 9 42 36
LP_SEC
LTM_OFF DAYLT PRAT CDMA_FREQ
8
6 1 2 11
Total : 170
Sync Message Parameters

Message Type (MSG_TYPE) Identifies this message and determines its structure (set to the fixed value of 00000001) Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) Shall be set to 00000001 Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) 8-bit unsigned integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to operate on the system. Only mobile stations that support revision numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system. System ID (SID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system Network ID (NID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the network within the system (defined by the owner of the SID) Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) Set to the pilot PN offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the network planner Long Code State (LC_STATE) Provides the mobile station with the base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically System Time (SYS_TIME) GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the last superframe containing any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated dynamically
Sync Channel Message Parameters (cont.)

Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) Number of leap seconds that have occurred since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) Twos complement offset of local time from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically Current local = SYS_TIME LP_SEC + LTM_OFF Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) Determined by the network planner 1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station 0 otherwise Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) The data rate of the paging channel for this system, determined by the network planner 00 if 9600 bps 01 if 4800 bps CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)
Paging Channels
Paging Channel
Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages.
There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA carrier The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1 Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps
Paging Channel Generation

Walsh function R = 1/2 K=9 9600 bps 4800 bps I PN
Convolutional Encoder & Repetition
Block Interleaving
19.2 Ksps
Scrambling
1.2288 Mcps
Paging Channel Address Mask
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generator
Decimator
19.2 Ksps Q PN
Walsh code #1 is used to spread the data. This results in an increase to 1.2288 Mcps That is, 24,576 9600 [4800] bps x 0.020 s = 192 [96] bits in a Paging Channel frame. The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate, resulting 384 [192] code symbols in a Paging Channel frame. If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, so that, at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result 384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2 Ksps chips per Paging Channel frame, or 128 [256] chips per original bit at 9600 [4800] bps
Paging Channel Time Slot Structure

SCI 7 6 5 163.84 s
4
3 2 1 0
T 2 SCI
= Slot Cycle Index T = Slot Cycle Length in 1.28 s
SCI units 1.28 s 80 ms
MS How to Watch Paging Channel

System Time
1.28 seconds
2047
12
13
14
15
16
17
Paging Channel Slots
Mobile Station in Non-Active State
Re-acquisition of
CDMA System
Assigned Paging Channel Slot

80 ms
Mobile Station in Non-Active State
Paging Channel Overhead Messages

ACC_MSG_SEQ
Access Parameters Message Overhead Messages

CONFIG_MSG_SEQ
System Parameters Message Paging Messages
Configuration Parameter Messages
CDMA Channel List Message

Extended System Parameters Message Extended Neighbor List Message Global Service Redirection Message
Mobile-StationDirected Messages
CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels

Reverse Traffic Channel
Used when a call is in progress to send: Voice traffic from the subscriber Response to commands/queries from the base station Requests to the base station Supports variable data rate operation for: 8 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps 13 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
Reverse Traffic Channel Generation at 8 kb Vocoding

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps R=1/3,K=9 28.8 Convolutional ksps Encoder & Repetition Block Interleaver 28.8 307.2 ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst Randomizer Modulation 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 PN Chip Delay
I PN (no offset)
D
Long PN Code Generator
User Address Mask
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading
Q PN (no offset)
Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder g

0
Code Symbols (OUTPUT)
+
Information bits (INPUT)
+
g1
+
g2
Reverse Traffic Channel Block Interleaving

28.8 ksps From Coding & Symbol Repetition
Input Array (Normal Sequence) 32 x 18
Output Array (Reordered Sequence) 32 x 18
28.8 ksps to Orthogonal Modulation
20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered Combats the effects of fast fading Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and below Improves survivability of symbol data Spreads the effect of spurious interference
Reverse Traffic Channel: 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation

44 35
Walsh Lookup Table

Walsh C ip with a Walsh F n h in u ction 1111 1111 2222 2222 2233 3333 3333 4444 4444 4455 5555 5555 6666 0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110
101100 100011
Symbols
64 Chip Pattern of Walsh Code # 35
W a l s h F u n c t i o n I n d e x
10001...11010
For every six symbols in, 64 Walsh Chips are output Six symbols are converted to a decimal number from 0-63 The Walsh code that corresponds to the decimal number becomes the output
Reverse Traffic Channel: Direct Sequence Spreading

307.2 kcps
Data Burst Randomizer
1.2288 Mcps
To Quadrature Spreading
User Address Mask
Long Code PN Generator
1.2288 Mcps
Output of the randomizer is direct sequence spread by the long code The mobile station can use one of two unique long code masks: A public long code mask based on the ESN A private long code mask
Offset Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps I From Data Burst Randomizer Baseband Filter I
cos( pfct) 2
RF Converters
1.2288 Mcps PN chip 1.2288 Mcps
Baseband Filter 1/2 PN Chip Time Delay
Q
sin(2 pfct)
PN
The channel is spread by a pilot PN sequence with a zero offset Baseband filtering ensures that the waveform is contained within the required frequency limits Baseband signals converted to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
Reverse Traffic Channel Generation at 13 kb Vocoding

I PN
14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps R=1/2,K=9 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition 28.8 ksps 28.8 ksps 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps Data Burst Randomizer 1/2 PN Chip Delay D (no offset)
Block Interleaver
Orthogonal Modulation
User Address Mask
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading
Q PN (no offset)
Reverse Channel Demodulation

BTS Receiver
Demodulator
Search Correlator
BSC
Combiner
Search Demodulator Correlator
De-Interleaver
Search Demodulator Correlator Search Correlator
Viterbi Decoder
Vocoder
Speech Output
Demodulator
Power Control Decision
U/D Command
PN+ t User Long Code
IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a process that is complementary to the mobile station modulation process CDMA processing benefits from multipath components Signals from several receive elements can be combined to improve receive signal quality
Access Channels
4800 bps
Used by the mobile station to: Initiate communication with the base station Respond to Paging Channel messages Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel
Access Channel Generation

I PN (No Offset)
Access Channel Information (88 bits/Frame) R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition 28.8 ksps 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 PN Chip Delay D Block Interleaver
4.8 kpbs
Access Channel Long Code Mask
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading Q PN (No Offset)
Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision Two message types: A response message (in response to a base station message) A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)
Access Channel Long Code Mask

An Access Channel is scrambled by the long code, offset by a mask constructed as follows:
41
33 32
28 27 25 24
98
110001111
ACN PCN
BASE_ID
PILOT_PN
Where: ACN is the Access Channel Number, PCN is the Number of the associated Paging Channel
BASE_ID is the base station identification number, and PILOT_PN is the Pilot short PN code offset index
Access Channel Probing

Access Probe 1 + NUM_STEP (16 max)
PI ACCESS PROBE SEQUENCE PI PI IP (Initial Power) Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1
Access Probe 1
System Time TA RT TA RT TA RT TA
Select Access Channel (RA) See previous initialize transmit power figure

Access Channel Slot and Frame Boundary
See previous figure
ONE ACCESS CHANNEL SLOT ACCESS CHANNEL PREAMBLE (Modulation Symbol 0) ACCESS PROBE ACH Frame (20 ms) 1 + PAM_SZ (1 - 16 frames) 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ (3 - 10 frames) 4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ (4 - 26 frames) ACCESS CHANNEL MESSAGE CAPSULE System Time
ACTUAL ACCESS PROBE TRANSMISSION
PN Randomization Delay = RN chips = RN x 0.8138 s

Access Attempt Access Probe Sequence 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq MAX_RSP_SEQ (15 max)
RESPONSE ATTEMPT
System Time RS Response message ready for transmission RS RS
Access Attempt Access Probe Sequence 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq MAX_REQ_SEQ (15 max)
REQUEST ATTEMPT
System Time PD RS PD RS PD
Request message ready for transmission
Access Channel Probing Parameters

RA - Access Channel Number. Random value between 0 and ACC_CHAN; generated before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 31). IP Initial Open-Loop Power. Calculated in dBm as follows: IP = k - Mean Input Power (dBm) + NOM_PWR (dB) - NOM_PWR_EXT x 16 (dB) + INIT_PWR (dB) where k = -73 for 800 MHz Cellular and -76 for 1900 PCS. PI Power Increment. Equal to PWR_STEP in dB (range is 0 to 7 dB). TA Acknowledgment Response Timeout (timeout from the end of the slot). Calculated in ms as follows (range is 160 to 1360 ms): TA = 80 x (2 + ACC_TMO) RT Probe Backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + PROBE_BKOFF; generated before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 16 slots). RS Sequence backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + BKOFF; generated before every sequence (except the first sequence). Maximum range of values is 0 to 16 slots PD Persistence delay. (Value used to implement the persistence test). RN PN Randomization Delay. (0 to 511 chips) . Generated before every sequence, between 0 and 2 PROBE_PN_RAN - 1, by hash, using ESN_S.
CDMA MS Call Processing

Power-Up
Initialization
Mobile station has fully acquired system timing Mobile station is in idle handoff with NGHBR_CONFG equal to 011 or is unable to receive Paging Channel Message Mobile station ends use of the Traffic Channel Mobile station receives an ACK to an Access Channel transmission other than an Origination Message or a Page Response Message
Idle
Mobile station receives a Paging Channel message requiring ACK or response, originates a call, or performs registration
System Access
Mobile station is directed to a Traffic Channel
Traffic
Mobile Station Originated Call Mobile Station Base Station Switch

Detects user-initiated call Sends Origination Message
ACCESS
Sends message with this information to the switch Sends Base Station Acknowledgement Order Sets up Traffic Channel Allocates resources
Stops probing
PAGING
(FW null traffic is arriving but the mobile station does not know on what channel; therefore, the mobile station cannot start decoding it) Sets up Traffic Channel Receives N5m=2 consecutive valid frames Begins sending the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble
FW TRAFFIC
Begins sending null traffic
PAGING
Sends Channel Assignment Message
RV TRAFFIC
Acquires the Reverse Traffic Channel

FW TRAFFIC
Begins transmitting null Reverse Traffic Channel Data Sends Service Request Message for Service Option 1
Sends Base Station Acknowledgement Order
RV TRAFFIC
Allocates resources for Service Option 1
Mobile Station Originated Call

Mobile Station
Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1
Base Station
Allocates resources for Service Option 1 FW TRAFFIC Sends Service Connect Message
Switch
Sends Service Connect Completion Message Optional Sends Origination Continuation Message
RV TRAFFIC
RV TRAFFIC
Optional Applies ring back from audio path Optional Removes ring back from audio path
FW TRAFFIC
Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (ring back tone) Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (tones off) Message sent to the switch indicating that the mobile station is ready
FW TRAFFIC
Completes the call
(User Conversation)
(User Conversation)
Switch Mobile Station Terminated Call
Mobile Station
Sends Page Response Message
Stops probing
PAGING ACCESS
Sends General Page Message
Base Station
Switch
PAGING
Sends Base Station Acknowledgement Order Sends message to switch indicating that the mobile station has responded Sets up Traffic Channel Allocates resources
(FW null traffic is arriving but the mobile station does not know on what channel; therefore, the mobile station cannot start decoding it)
FW TRAFFIC
Begins sending null Traffic Channel data Sends Channel Assignment Message
Sets up Traffic Channel Receives N5m=2 consecutive valid frames Begins sending the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble
PAGING
RV TRAFFIC
Acquires the Reverse Traffic Channel Sends Base Station Acknowledgement Order
FW TRAFFIC
Begins transmitting null Traffic Channel data
RV TRAFFIC
Mobile Station Terminated CallSwitch

Mobile Station Base Station
Begins transmitting null Traffic Channel data
RV TRAFFIC
FW TRAFFIC
Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Sends Service Response Message accepting Service Option 1
Sends Service Request Msg for Service Option 1
RV TRAFFIC
FW TRAFFIC
Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Completion Message
RV TRAFFIC
Sends Service Connect Message
Starts ringing User answers call Stops ringing Sends Connect Order
FW TRAFFIC
Sends Alert With Information Message (ring)
RV TRAFFIC
Sends message to the switch indicating that the mobile station is ready
Call proceeds
(User Conversation)
(User Conversation)
CDMA20001XRtt New Channel Structure
Benefits of the CDMA2000 1x Standards

Increased mobile standby battery life (via Quick Paging Channel) Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call processing features 2-3 dB better coverage High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities
CDMA2000 1x = 1.25 MHz Radio Transmission Technology
Backward Compatible with IS-95 Air Interface

IS-95 mobiles are supported in the IS-2000 standard for 1xRTT: No need to change any RF infrastructure Capacity improvements will not be realized until most IS95 subscribers disappear
Cdma2000 1xRtt Channel(Qualcomm)
IS-95B built on the IS-95A channels, and introduced two new channels Fundamental channel was the same as IS-9A traffic channel Supplemental code channels assigned to support rates above 14.4Kbps IS-2000 1xRTT continue to build on the IS-95 channels IS-95 channels continue to be supported in IS-2000 to support IS95 mobiles
Forward IS-95A
Pilot channel Sync channel Paging channel Forward Traffic Channel Fundamental channel Supplemental Code channel (F-SCCH)
Channel List: 1xRTT vs. IS-95
Reverse
Access channel Reverse Traffic Channel Fundamental channel Supplemental Code channel (R-SCCH)
IS-95B
1xRTT
Supplemental channel (F-SCH) Quick Paging channel (F-QPCH)
Supplemental channel (R-SCH) Reverse Pilot channel (R-PICH)
Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)

Assigned for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) in the forward direction; (FCH is always assigned to each call) Up to 2 F-SCH can be assigned to a single mobile SCH cannot exist without having a fundamental channel established F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 - 1024 depending on data rate and chip rate
SCH-1
File transfer at 144 kbps
Mobile 1
FCH Voice, power control and link continuity
Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)

Used for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) Difference between F-SCH and R-SCH is in Walsh code based spreading F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 to 128 (1xRTT) or 1024 (3xRTT) depending on data rate and chip rate R-SCH uses either a 2-digit or 4-digit Walsh code; rate matching done by repetition of encoded and interleaved symbols Walsh code allocation sequence is pre-determined and common to all mobiles Users are differentiated using long PN code with user mask
Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH)

Mobile transmits well-known pattern (pilot) Allows base station to do timing corrections without having to guess where mobile is (in search window) Mobile can transmit at lower power, reducing interference to others
Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH)

More efficient monitoring of paging channel by mobile, enhancement to slotted paging Mobile monitors QPCH to determine if there is a page forthcoming on paging channel in its slot (looks at 1-bit paging indicator) If no flag, then mobile goes back to sleep; if flag, then mobile monitors appropriate slot and decodes general page message Without QPCH, mobile must monitor regular paging channel slot and decode several fields to determine whether page is for it or not; this drains mobile batteries quickly
The main purpose of QPCH is to save mobile battery life.
The End!

3-CDMA-Channels STRUCTURE

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3-CDMA-Channels STRUCTURE

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CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE AND MODULATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

CDMA Forward Traffic Channels

Forward Traffic Channel

Forward Traffic Channel Paging Forward Traffic Channel

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Forward Traffic Channel Generation 8 kb Vocoding

User Address Mask (ESN-based)

1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Decimator Generation

19.2 ksps Decimator 800 Hz

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Rate 1/2, k=9 Convolutional Encoding

Code Symbol Output

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Full Rate Block Interleave Array

Symbols are Read Out

Full Rate Block Interleave

Symbols are Read Out

User Address Mask (ESN)

Long Code PN Generator

To Power Control Mux

Every 64th PN chip is modulo-2 added to a symbol Randomize transmitted data

Eliminates probability of Pilot Reuse Error

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Power Control Subchannel

Scrambled Modulation Symbol or Power Control Bit

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

1.2288 Mcps Walsh Function

Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps

Power Control Subchannel Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering

Baseband Traffic to RF Section

Walsh Code Sync Channel

Walsh Code Paging Channel(s)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation

Walsh code Every Channel

I1 cos ( 2 p fc t ) + I2 cos (2 p fc t ) = ( I1 + I2 ) cos ( 2 p fc t )

Q1 sin (2 p fc t ) + Q2 sin (2 p fc t ) = ( Q1 + Q2 ) sin (2 p fc t )

Forward Traffic Channel Generation (13 kb Vocoding)

14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps (Vocoder)

Power Control Bit

User Address Mask (ESN-based)

1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generation

19.2 ksps Decimator Decimator 800 Hz

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Forward Channel Demodulation

Traffic Correlator PN xxx Walsh xx

Viterbi Decoder Packets

Messages Pilot Searcher PN xxx Walsh 0 CPU Vocoder

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Pilot Channel Generation

Pilot Channel (All 0s)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Pilot Channel Acquisition

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Energy of desired pilot alone

Total energy received

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

(Acquired Pilot) Sync Channel

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION