FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND BODE PLOT

Walter Joseph, Asst. Professor, DEC,RSET.

Contents
Freq Response Transfer fn Decibel scale Magnitude plot Phase plot

 The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in signal frequency. The transfer function H() of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output Y() (an element voltage or current) to a phasor input X() (source voltage or current).

The roots of N() = 0 are called the zeros of H() and are usually represented as j = z1, z2, . . . . Similarly, the roots of D() = 0 are the poles of H() and are represented as j = p1, p2, . . . . A zero, as a root of the numerator polynomial, is a value that results in a zero value of the function. A pole, as a root of the denominator polynomial, is a value for which the function is infinite.

 Bode plots are semilog plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees) of a transfer function versus frequency. Since Bode plots are based on logarithms, it is important that we keep the following properties of logarithms in mind: 1. log P1P2 = log P1 + log P2 2. log P1/P2 = log P1 log P2 3. log Pn = n log P 4. log 1 = 0 The logarithm of the reciprocal of a quantity is simply negative the logarithm of that quantity. A transfer function may be written in terms of factors that have real and imaginary parts. One such representation might be j j K ( j ) 1 (1 )[1 j 2 1 ( ) 2 ].... z1 k k H ( ) j j (1 )[1 j 2 2 ( ) 2 ].... p1 n n which is obtained by dividing out the poles and zeros in H(). The representation of H() is called the standard form. In this particular case, H() has seven different factors that can appear in various combinations in a transfer function.

These are: 1. A gain K 2. A pole (j)1 or zero (j) at the origin 3. A simple pole 1/(1 + j/p1) or zero (1 + j/z1) 4. A quadratic pole 1/[1 + j22/n + (j/n)2] or zero [1 + j21/k + (j/k)2] A decade is an interval between two frequencies with a ratio of 10; e.g., between 0 and 100, or between 10 and 100 Hz. Thus, 20 dB/decade means that the magnitude changes 20 dB whenever the frequency changes tenfold or one decade. The special case of dc ( = 0) does not appear on Bode plots because log 0 = , implying that zero frequency is infinitely far to the left of the origin of Bode plots.

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