GCAA Tier 4 Specifications

BP Lubricants USA Inc Geno Capitoni National Accounts Manger

History Emissions Reductions

Tier 1 phased in from 1996 Tier 2 phased in from 2001 Tier 3 phased in from 2006 Meeting the limits included; Engine design

Piston ring position

EGR Turbo design Fuel injection timing Electronics Fuel quality
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Tier 4 Standards
Introduced in May 2004 Phased in from 2008 2013 for categories <11hp thru 74 hp Phased in from 2012 2013 for categories 75 hp thru 175 hp Phased in from 2011 2014 for categories 176 hp thru 750 hp 50% compliance by 2013

100% compliance by December 30, 2014

Emissions reductions of NOx and PM reduction by 90% + Closed crankcase ventilation allowable, emissions measured and added to exhaust emissions for total engine emissions Emissions must be met over the entire useful life of the engine

Emissions Time Period Engine Useful Life

Useful Life Recall Testing Period

Rating

Hours
8,000

Years
10

Hours
6,000

Years
7

>50 hp

EPA requires the application of deterioration factors (DFs) to all engines covered by the rule. The DF is a factor applied to the certification emission test data to represent emissions at the end of the useful life of the engine.

Whats In Store For Tier 4?

HP Rating Tier Year NOx (g/bhp*h) PM (g/bhp*h)

Tier 1
Tier 2 176 300 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 1

1996
2003 2006 2011-2014 1996

6.9
.3 (95% reduc) 6.9

.4
.15 (65% reduc) .015 (90%) (2011) (96%) .4

Tier 2
301 600 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 1 Tier 2 601 - 750 Tier 3 Tier 4

2001
2006 2011-2014 1996 2002 2006 2011-2014

.3 (95% reduc) 6.9 .3 (95% reduc)

.15 (65% reduc)

.015 (90%) (2011) (96%) .4 .15 (65% reduc) -

.015 (90%)
(2011) (96%)
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EOM Answers to Tier 4 Lower Emissions

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Particulate Filter Increase % Cooled EGR ACERT technology Particulate Filter w/ advanced regeneration

Electronics
Turbo Charger Configurations No announcement of SCR Fuel Quality

Retrofitting Existing Equipment

No requirements for retrofitting existing engines or equipment No restrictions on the sale of used equipment The estimated costs for added emission controls for the vast majority of equipment was estimated at 13% as a fraction of total equipment price

175 hp dozer that costs approximately $230,000 would cost up to $6,900 to add the advanced emission controls and to design the dozer to accommodate the modified engine (source EPA)

Fuel Quality
June 2007 - 500 PPM max fuel sulfur June 2010 15 PPM max fuel sulfur (ULSD) for off road June 2012 15 PPM max fuel sulfur (ULSD) for locomotive and marine use

Biodiesel Fuel Benefits

Check with OEM for approved B blend, most at B5 (some at B20) PM and HC emissions are toxic / carcinogenic B100 reduces 90% of these air toxins B20 reduces air toxins by 20-40% Depends on fuel quality

Depends on biodiesel quality

Improved cetane value Improved lubricity for pumps Lower soot levels (more complete burn)

Current OEM Thinking

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Biodiesel Fuel
Higher boiling points causes fuel dilution in the engine oil High biodiesel gelation point causes thicker oil at start up Can cause faster degradation of non-premium engine oils Higher cost per gallon ~15% lower BTU value 8% less energy per gallon 1% - 2% less fuel economy Cold weather performance Premium winter blend -36F cloud point B20 to the winter mix resulted in a -4F cloud point for the blend High in solvency Fuel filters may be affected pending fuel system / storage tank cleanliness (varnish) Blends higher than B20 should use new equipment (tanks, plumbing, pumps) Increase of NOx by ~2% Oxidation stability less than #2 diesel fuel
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Recent Test Runs with B20

National BioDiesel Board / Engine Manufacturers Association

API CJ-4 oils used

CAT C-13 test 500 hr test Piston deposits

Oil consumption
Cummins ISB test 350 hr test Cam lobe Cam follower wear Mack T12 test 300 hr test Liner / Bearing / Ring wear
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Recent Test Runs with B20

National BioDiesel Board / Engine Manufacturers Association CAT C-13 test

Top groove and top land deposits within pass/fail vs 100% diesel
Second ring land deposits reached top end of pass/fail limits Oil consumption elevated, but within pass/fail limits Two cold stuck rings reported, but not in the area of increased deposits Cummins ISB test Acceptable results within pass/fail limits vs 100% diesel Mack T12 test Lead wear limits were exceeded TAN and Oxidation was significantly higher

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Federal Labeling Requirements

December 16, 2008 the Federal Trade Commission required the use of retail labels to inform consumers of the percent of biodiesel in the fuel Labeling requirements are based on the concentration levels of biodiesel in the finished fuel Less than B5 blends - No label is required B5 < BXX B20 - Label are required but are NOT required to provide the exact percentage of biodiesel in this range B20 < BXX < B100 - A specific blend designation is required (e.g. B25, B50, B99, etc.) B100 - The heading must display B100

B20 Biodiesel B100 Biodiesel Bend

Contains biomass-based diesel contains 100 or biodiesel in quantities Contains biomass-based between 5 biodiesel diesel or biodiesel percent percent and 20 percent

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State Labeling Requirements

State requirements will vary from state to state

For Example: Washington state requires:

Less than B2: No label is required B2-B5 blended fuel must be labeled as: Contains up to 5% biodiesel Greater than B5 must be labeled with the volume percentage of biodiesel

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Financial Incentives to Use Biodiesel

Federal mandates 500 million gal B100 used per year in 2009

1 billion gal by 2012

Federal tax incentives Biodiesel excise tax credit: $1.00 or $0.50 per gal, depending feedstock source, for B100 (ends 2010) 30% credit for cost to install B20 (or E85) refueling stations (ends 2009) State mandates Minnesota: B5 in every gallon of fuel sold by mid 2009 B2: Washington (2008), Massachusetts (2010)

State tax incentives - About 25 provide some incentives

IL: B1 B10 partial state sales tax exemption; > B10, 100% exemption (6.25%)

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Emissions Reductions Results

Emissions reductions estimated at 738,000 tons of NOx Emissions reductions estimated at 129,000 tons of PM after full compliance Estimated equivalent of parking 35,000,000 annually

Estimated 12,000 premature deaths will be prevented annually by 2030

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Sources
http://www.dieselnet.com/ Cational Biodiesel Board http://www.biodiesel.org/ EPA http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel

EPA http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdf
Technology & Maintenance Council presentation

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