Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By Lamia Haider
ADHD Overview
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder Disorder of performance in various environments No research showing lack of intelligence associated with ADHD. Studies indicate that the disorder may be neurological and/or genetic. Environment has been shown to play a very small role.
ADHD- DSM IV
Six or more symptoms of INATTENTION persisting for at least 6 months. Six or more symptoms of HYPERACTIVITY/IMPULSIVITY persisting for at least 6 months. Developmental level affected.
ADHD- DSM IV
Symptoms present before the age of 7. Impairment in two or more settings. Clear evidence of impairment in various aspects of life. Symptoms do not occur because of some other disorder.
Financial Costs
Children with ADHD incur an average of $1465 per capita vs the $690 non-ADHD children incur. Had 9.9 times more outpatient mental health visits. 3.4 times more pharmacy fills (11.25/year vs 3.30/year).
Treatments
Prescription medication Behavioral-Psychosocial therapy Multi-modal therapy
Criticisms
Symptoms of ADHD are social/cultural. Physicians are hasty in diagnosing ADHD. Alternative treatments aren't presented as options. Stimulants are overprescribed as proven by the huge increase in production and consumption.
Issues
No prospective studies that span over 5 years. Diagnosis sometimes based on parent or teacher reports. Stimulant treatment is mostly symptomatic and so far has not been shown to improve future performance.
Conclusion
Even though the public complains about treatment being so drug-based, research primarily focuses on psychopharmacology rather than forms of therapy. Current forms of therapy (without medication) shown to be mostly ineffective anyway. There is no cure so far, only symptom management and reduction. Multi-modal treatments or stand-alone medication do not have significant enduring effects but may help to prevent or mitigate comorbid disorders.
Works Cited
American Psychiatric Association. "A 06 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." American Psychiatric Association - DS-5 Development. American Psychiatric Association, 01, May 2012. Web. 27 Sep 2012. (http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=383). Barkley, Russell. "Adolescents with ADHD: An Overview of Empirically Based Treatments." Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 10.1 (2004): 3553. Web. 21 Sep. 2012. (http://www.russellbarkley.org/images/Treating ADHD in Teens 2004.pdf). Biederman, Joseph. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Selective Overview. Biological Psychiatry. 57.11 (2004): 1215-1220, Web. 21 Sep. 2012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632230401100X). Center for Disease Control and Prevention, . "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 12, December 2011. Web. 23 Sep 2012. (http://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/adhd/data.html). Chan E, Zhan C, Homer CJ. Health Care Use and Costs for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: National Estimates From the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 156.5 (2002): 504-511. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.5.504. Harlan Gephart, et al. "Utilization And Cost Of Health Care Services For Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Pediatrics 108.1 (2001): 71. Khan, Sajjad, and Stephen Faraone. "The Genetics of ADHD: A literature review of 2005." Current Psychiatry Reports. 8.5 (2006): 393397. Web. 27 Sep. 2012. <http://www.springerlink.com/content/d325k4824487662r/export-citation/>.
Merikangas, Kathleen, Jian-Ping He, et al. "Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 20012004 NHANES." Pediatrics. 125.1 (2010): 75-81. Web. 27 Sep. 2012. (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/1/75.full?sid=279d73f1-fadd-40ce-9594-464ff748f1a9).
Rowland, A. S., Lesesne, C. A. and Abramowitz, A. J. (2002), The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8: 162170. doi: 10.1002/mrdd.10036 Safer, Daniel. "Are Stimulants Overprescribed for Youths with ADHD?." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 12.1 (2000): 55-60. Print.