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CHAMBER 4- The electric motor represents the START UP UNIT of the gas turbine. 5- Another applied load could be an electric generator, pump, or thrust propulsion as in aircraft .etc. 6- And there is additional part of the gas turbine which is the AIR FILTER to insure clean air entrance.
How can land base gasturbines classified? a-Open cycle gas turbines: 1-Single shaft gas turbine
compressor & turbine are connected via the same shaft yet they have the same speed of rotation.
gas turbine, in this engine there are two concentric shafts the first shaft is low pressure shaft & the other is high pressure shaft & both shafts are rotating with different speeds, the main advantages of this configuration is that the star up torque required to turn the machine is minimized compare to single shaft with the same load since only high pressure shaft needed to be turned, also compressor surge is minimized in this configuration, also its is shorter smaller & lighter than single shaft engine & has less number of blow off lines , the main disadvantage of this configuration is additional complexity to the design & added cost.
sections a compressor, a combustor, and a power turbine. The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the Brayton cycle, where compressed air is mixed with fuel, and burned under constant pressure conditions. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine to perform work. In a 33% efficient gas-turbine approximately two / thirds of this work is spent compressing the air, the rest is available for other work i.e. (mechanical drive, electrical generation)
Figure 1. Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and pressure are raised. The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at constant pressure. (2) The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric pressure through a row of nozzle vanes. This expansion causes the turbine blade to spin, which then turns a shaft inside a magnetic coil. When the shaft is rotating inside the magnetic coil, electrical current is produced. The exhaust gases leaving the turbine in the open cycle are not re-circulated.
be started and stopped quickly enabling them to be brought into service as required to meet energy demand peaks. However, their previously small unit sizes and their low thermal efficiency restricted the opportunities for their wider use for electricity generation.
closed cycle as shown in Figure 2 by utilizing the airstandard assumptions. Here the compression and expansion process remain the same, but a constant-pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air replaces the combustion process. The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally reversible processes: 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor) 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine) 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection (2)
To improve the overall efficiency and the output of the gas turbine by: Regeneration Turbine reheat Compressor intercooling Steam or water injection
the cycle. In the gas turbine cycle, the gases leaving the turbine are at a relatively high temperature. This temperature is higher than the outlet-compressor temperature. Therefore, regenerator (a surface-type heat exchanger) is used to preheat the compressed gas by exhaust gases. See figure 3. The consequence of this action is reduction of the amount of fuel which is injected into the combustor. The exchange of heat between the two flow take place in the regeneator. the regenerator effectiveness, is defined as:
than simple gas turbine cycles. They reduce fuel consumption by 30 percent or more. It should be mentioned that using a regenerator reduce somewhat the specific power because of added pressure losses in the regenerator
Compressor intercooling
Another method of increasing the overall efficiency of a gas turbine is to decrease the work input to the compression process. The effect is to increase the net work output. This could be achieved by cooling the passing gas through the compressor.
Cooling or to have much heat transfer through the compressor casing is not possible or practical.
Compression intercooling is effective when a
comparatively large pressure change is desired. The compression with intercooling could be also performed in a multistage compression process.
lowering of the net work input required for a given pressure ratio.
Intercoolers can be air-cooled heat exchangers but are
Reheat Cycle
Another method of increasing the overall efficiency is eeping the gas temperature in the turbine as high kas possible.
See figure 6 and 7 for one stage turbine reheat. In this case,
the gases are allowed to expand partially before they are returned to combustion chamber, where heat is added at constant pressure until the limiting temperature is reached. The use of reheat increases the turbine work output without changing the compressor work or the maximum limiting temperature. The final turbine exhaust temperature T9 shown in the figure 8 is somewhat above the outlet turbine temperature without reheat, Ty. Consequently, reheating is quite effective when used in conjunction with regeneration.
cycle is improved most when a combination of intercooling and reheating is employed with regeneration. It should be mentioned that the intercooling with reheating effect with regeneration is always to decrease the thermal efficiency. The reason is that intercooling and reheating used alone decrease the average temperature of the heat supply and increase the average temperature of heat rejection. The major purpose in employing intercooling and reheating is to increase the effective use of a regenerator.
output power of a gas turbine cycle can be increased. These methods not only increase the maneuverability of the gas turbine during part load operation, but also decrease the exhaust emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons by at least half. Steam injection which can be done in the form of saturated or superheat steam, increase the overall efficiency of the gas turbine. The introduced steam mostly injected into the combustion chamber. Water injection It is more common to inject water at compressor outlet in order to increase the mass flow rate. Temperature reduction can be compensated in a regenerator.
Combined Cycle Plants There are many concepts of the combined cycle, these cycles range from the single pressure cycle, in which the steam for the turbine is generated at only one pressure, to the triple pressure cycles where the steam generated for the steam turbine is at three different levels. Figure (9) shows the distribution of the entering energy into its useful component and the energy losses. In most combined cycle applications the gas turbine is the topping cycle and the steam turbine is the bottoming cycle. The major components that make up a combined cycle are the gas turbine, the HRSG and the steam turbine as shown in the Figure 12 a typical combined cycle power plant with a single pressure HRSG
machine will take in 438 kilograms of air per second for 50C ambient temperature), Careful design of the intake system is needed to ensure that frictional losses are a minimum The noise of the air entering the machine is kept to an acceptable limit. The Figure Air of an intake filter house from inside showing air filter elements before& after installation& the hole behind each filter is for the aim of purging (pulseair system)
Air intake filter house from inside showing air filter elements before & after installation& the hole behind each filter is for the aim of purging (pulse air system)
Air intake main parts: a-Air intake filter house Filter house normally designed to have large shape so to
make sure that the pressure drop across it will minimized (each 10 mbar pressure drop will reduce turbine power by 1%) It contains air filters, air entrance guide vanes & the implosion doors. b-Filter element : Air entering compressor must be filtered from any dust or residues that may enter compressor & cause fouling which reduce compressor efficiency, The use of series of filters in stead of one big filter is more because design & erection complexity are reduced if pressure drop in air intake increases, a set filters can easily be removed in stead of removing the hall big filter. The Figure shows Air intake filter house
Compressed air lines for filters purging & pulse air outlet can be seen Pulse air header pressure us 7.5 bar & each pulse has a pressure of 3 bar
The above figure illustrates the methodology employed in determining the Fault Indices of engine components.
Photographs were taken of the outlet and inlet pipes from a compressor In the photos you will see the deposit coating the interior surface of the outlet pipe, and how clean the inlet pipe is. (The inlet pipe interior is dark brown in color, most likely from the entrained iron oxide in the chilled water system.)
pressure after silencer decreases, this will create a local vacuum area. 2-Due to the vacuum inside air intake filter house, the implosion doors (4 to 6 doors) will be sucked in 3-There are limit switch on each door so for any door reach full open position, this mean that the limit switch will send open signal which will initiate gas turbine trip to protect gas turbine from operating with air intake filter house is blocked. Implosion doors are designed to make sure that the pressure inside air filter house is equalized to the atmospheric pressure to avoid air intake damage.
Axial-flow compressor
The axial flow compressor compresses its working
fluid by first accelerating the fluid and then diffusing it to obtain a pressure increase. The fluid is accelerated by a row of rotating blades called the rotor, and then diffused in a row of stationary blades (the stator). The diffusion in the stator converts the velocity increase gained in the rotor to a pressure increase.
one stator make up a stage in a compressor. One additional row of fixed blades (inlet guide vanes) is frequently used at the compressor inlet to ensure that the air enters the first stage rotor at the desired angle. In addition to the stators, another diffuser at the exit of the compressor further diffuses the fluid and controls its velocity entering the combustors. In an axial compressor air passes from one stage to the next, each stage raising the pressure slightly. The use of multiple stages permits overall pressure increases of up to 40:1
It is easy to design a turbine that will work. It requires a considerable skill to design a compressor that will work
particular compressor. The first set of input parameters are based on the running conditions for the machine. These involve mass flow, pressure ratio , rotational speed and the number of stages. Stage degree of reaction : For controlling the distribution of the load between the rotor and the stator. If this is not of importance, the outlet flow angle for the each stage must be set instead.
turbine blades. compressor blades divergent profile which works as diffuser to increase air pressure. while turbine blades have convergent profile which is works as nozzle since turbine is reducing air pressure by changing its pressure energy into kinetic energy
Compressor Cleaning
The aim of compressor cleaning process is to remove
deposits from blades that have caused a decline in output and efficiency of Gas Turbines. *-Pollution of the ambient air cannot be completely removed by the air intake filter system. *-compressor washing are mainly two types online & off line washing. *- Compressor washing is carried out by using detergent solution and demineralized water for the final flushing. Both fluids are sprayed onto the compressor blades through two types of nozzles:
which inject water at high speed. Jet nozzles are used for off load washing only since them inject high speed water jet which will be harmful to the blades of compressor which are rotating at synchronizing speed-3000 rpm. The effect of one droplet of water will become like a bullet. b- Spray nozzles which are uniformly spaced around the circumference of compressor inlet, upstream of the variable compressor inlet guide vanes, each producing a gentle jet of water.
include: a- Dissemble the compressor partially to clean the blades of the rotor, this method gives excellent result but it required long time outage. b- Injection of crushed walnut shells, Injection of rice & Injection of concentrated carbon. The second method should not be used in modern gas turbines because: a- Fire hazard. b- Oil system contamination & blockage. c- Result in blade cooling system fouling.
Stators
The stators may be carried in a separate inner casing or
may be carried by the outer, center section of the main casing. Because of leakage at the mounting bushings in the stator liner or earner, the single-case unit has some sealing problems, which are inherently taken care of in the double-case construction. Casing Connections The casing inlet and outlet are flanged, for connection to the users piping system, with the exception of some rectangular inlet connections to provide more axial clearance
Compressor Design Casings The casings on axial compressors are somewhat unusual, because of the disproportionately large inlet and outlet nozzles. This makes the compressors appear to be only nozzles connected by a long tube. In some designs, the casing is an outer shell containing an inner shell, which acts as the stator vane carrier. In other designs, the stators are directly carried on the casing, which are of one-part construction.
vendor. The blades are attached to the outer surface of the rotor. The rotor may be of basic disc or drum type construction, with the disc type having some variations. The two most common disc construction modes are shrunk discs on a shaft and stacked discs, normally through-bolted together. A final method is the solid rotor construction. For smaller compressors, where the speed is relatively high and space is limited, a solid rotor construction is used
Shaft
Shafting takes on several forms to match the various
rotor construction methods. Obviously, for the solid rotor, the shaft is a part of the overall rotor. For the shrunk-on discs, the shaft is a continuous member, carrying the discs in the center section. Concentricity of all turns and good control on the roundness of the shaft are critical, if a balanced, smooth running compressor is to result.
Bearings
The bearings used in axial compressors are the same
journal and thrust type used in the centrifugal compressor. For axial compressors, the journal bearings are of the plain sleeve type for the larger, slower speed compressors. They are of the tilting pad type for the smaller, higher speed machines. The sleeve bearing is normally housed in a spherically seated carrier. The bearings require pressure lubrication as do most of the other compressors. The thrust bearing is generally the tilting-pad type bearing. Most vendors apply the recommendation that the thrust bearing be of the symmetrical design with leveling links. Axial compressors have a high inherent thrust load, so the thrust bearing is quite important in the overall reliability of the compressor.
Balance Piston
The axial compressor is inherently always a reaction
type of machine. In regards to axial thrust, this means the rotor is subjected to a differential pressure across each rotating blade row. The differential pressures convert to an axial force at each rotor row that totals to a rather high value when taken over the normal number of stages. A thrust bearing would be prohibitive in size to carry the generated thrust. Fortunately, the geometry of the axial provides space for a large balance piston at the discharge end of the compressor.
defined as the ratio of the change of static head in the rotor to the head generated in the stage. The symmetrical stage (50% reaction) is widely used, since an adverse pressure rise on either the rotor or stator blade surfaces is minimized for a given stage pressure rise. when designing a compressor with this type of blading, the first stage must be preceded by inlet guide vanes to provide prewhirl and the correct velocity entrance angle to the first stage rotor. The serious disadvantage of the symmetrical stage is the high exit loss resulting from the high axial velocity component.
Fig (12 )Variation of velocity, and pressure through an axial flow compressors
Compressor surge A compressor is in surge when the main flow through the
compressor reverses its direction and flows from the exit to the inlet for short time intervals. If allowed to persist, this unsteady process may result in irreparable damage to the machine. A condition known as "choke" or "stone walling" is indicated on the map, showing the maximum flow rate possible through the compressor at that speed.
Compressor surge is a phenomenon of considerable
interest, yet it is not fully understood. It is a form of unstable operation and should be avoided in both design and operation. Surge has been traditionally defined as the lower limit of stable operation in a compressor and involves the reversal of flow.
centrifugal compressor. Total pressure ratio can be seen to change with flow and speed. Compressors are usually operated at a working line separated by some safety margin from the surge line.
Surge is often symptomized by excessive vibration
and an audible sound, however, there have been cases in which surge problems that were not audible have caused failures
that are not related to machine design: 1. Restriction in suction or discharge of a system. 2. Process changes in pressure, temperature, or gas composition. 3. Internal plugging of flow passages of compressor (fouling). 4. Inadvertent loss of speed. 5. Instrument or control valve malfunction. 6. Malfunction of hardware such as variable inlet guide vanes.
7. Operator error
8. Maldistribution of load in parallel operation of two
or more compressors. 9. Improper assembly of a compressor, such as a mispositioned rotor The effects of surge can range from a simple lack of performance to serious damage to the machine or to the connected system. Internal damage to labyrinths,, the thrust bearing, and the rotor can be experienced.
Laws of Combustion
A Special Device is required to hold the flame,
called Burner. The maximum quantity of fuel that can be handled by a single burner is limited. The maximum allowable air to establish efficient combustion of a given amount of fuel is limited. The maximum temperature due to efficient combustion is always higher than the maximum safe temperature: limited by turbine blades. Infra structure should be provided to facilitate these conditions.
Combustion Section
The combustion section contains the combustion
combusted gases to the turbine at a temperature not exceeding the allowable limit at the turbine inlet. its air by volume to the combustion chamber.
Theoretically, the compressor delivers 100 percent of The fuel-air mixture suitable for efficient combustion
Functions
The air used for burning is known as primary air; Remaining for cording is secondary air. Secondary air is controlled and directed by holes and
louvers in the combustion chamber liner. Igniter plugs function during starting only; they are shut off manually or automatically. Combustion is continuous and self-supporting. After engine shutdown or failure to start, a pressure actuated valve automatically drains any remaining unburned fuel from the combustion chamber. The primary function of the combustion section is, of course, to bum the fuel-air mixture, thereby adding heat energy to the air.
To do this efficiently, the combustion chamber must Provide the means for mixing the fuel and air to ensure
good combustion.
Bum this mixture efficiently. Cool the hot combustion products to a temperature
The combustion chambers are always arranged coaxially with the compressor and turbine, regardless of type, since the chambers must be in a through-flow position to function efficiently.
All combustion chambers contain the same basic elements: A casing A perforated inner liner. A fuel injection system. Some means for initial ignition. A fuel drainage system to drain off unburned fuel after engine shutdown.
Swirler
Liner
Liner holes
Classification of Combustors
Basis for this classification:
A burner handles finite amount of fuel. Arrangement of multiple burners. There are currently three basic types of Burner
Arrangements The multiple-chamber or can type. The annular or basket type. The can-annular type.
and a casing, and the cans are arranged around the central shaft An annular combustor with the liner sitting inside the outer casing. Many modern burners have an annular design. A can-annular design, in which the casing is annular and the liner is can-shaped. The advantage to the canannular design is that the individual cans are more easily designed, tested, and serviced.
Components
All combustion chambers contain the same basic
elements as shown in Figure : A casing A perforated inner liner. A fuel injection system. Some means for initial ignition. A fuel drainage system to drain off unburned fuel after engine shutdown.
flow testing. Flow testing assures that each combustion liner in the set is flowing the same amount of air, thus minimizing temperature variance. When a liner is tested, it is placed on the flow check machine and a vacuum is drawn through the liner. The test machine calculates the effective air flow area. A determination is then made as to whether corrections are necessary
Fuel Nozzle
In most gas turbines, liquid fuel is atomized and injected
into the combustors in the form of a fine spray. A typical low pressure fuel atomization nozzle is shown in the Figure . The fuel spray entrains air however, this process a low pressure region inside the spray cone that causes it to converge downstream of the nozzle. This low pressure region is counteracted by upstream axial flow of combustion products, preventing convergence in the combustion chamber. In simple pressure atomizing fuel nozzle the flow rate varies as the square root of the pressure. Ignition is usually obtained from an ignitor interfaced with a high energy capacitive discharge ignition system.
Ignitors
An ignitor plug is shown in the Figure. This plug is a
surface discharge plug, thus energy does not have to jump an air gap. The plug end is covered by a semiconductive material and is formed by a pellet, permitting an electrical leakage from the centeral high tension electrode to the body. The discharge takes the form the electrode to the body. Flow testing of fuel nozzle tips and passageways is of critical importance, especially for multi-nozzle systems. It is vital that the same amount of fuel flows through each nozzle in a set.
measured by the exhaust thermocouples and can-tocan pressure differences between the combustors. Computerized flow-test equipment is used to meter and measure flows. Air-flow testing is used for gas and air passages and water-flow testing is used for liquid passages. The flow-test units use a computer-controlled system that calculates the percent variation of each to that of the set tips. The final assembly is typically limited to a variance of less than 2% between assemblies. All accumulated fuel-flow data is saved for permanent records
from a stationary gas turbine . The major species (CO2, N2, H2O, and O2) are present in percent concentrations. The minor species (or pollutants) such as CO, NOx, SOx, and particulates are present in parts per million concentrations.
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) must be divided into two
classes according to their mechanism of formation. Nitrogen oxides formed from the oxidation of the free nitrogen in the combustion air or fuel are called thermal NOx. The following is the relationship between combustor operating conditions and thermal NOx production: _ NOx increases strongly with fuel-to-air ratio or with firing temperature _ NOx increases exponentially with combustor inlet temperature. _ NOx increases with the square root of the combustor inlet pressure _ NOx increases with increasing residence time in the flame zone NOx decreases exponentially with increasing water or steam injection or increasing specific humidity
firing temperature and the products of combustion for different fuels affect the reported NOx correction factors.
Inspection Schedules Maintenance inspection types may be broadly classified as standby, running and disassembly inspections. The standby inspection is performed during off-peak periods when the unit is not operating and includes routine servicing of accessory systems and device calibration. The running inspection is performed by observing key operating parameters while the turbine is running. The disassembly inspection requires opening the turbine for inspection of internal components and is performed in varying degrees
Standby Inspections
This inspection includes routinely servicing the
battery system, changing filters, checking oil and water levels, cleaning relays and checking device calibrations. Servicing can be performed in off-peak periods without interrupting the availability of the turbine. A periodic startup test run is an essential part of the standby inspection
the Service Manual Instruction Books, contain information and drawings necessary to perform these periodic checks. Among the most useful drawings in the Service Manual Instruction Books for standby maintenance are the control specifications, piping schematic and electrical elementaries. These drawings provide the calibrations, operating limits, operating characteristics and sequencing of all control devices. This information should be used regularly by operating and maintenance personnel.
Running Inspections
Running inspections consist of the general and
continued observations made while a unit is operating Data should be taken to establish normal equipment start-up parameters as well as key steady state operating parameters. Steady state is defined as conditions at which no more than a 3C change in wheelspace temperature occurs over a 15-minute time period. Data must be taken at regular intervals and should be recorded to permit an evaluation of the turbine performance and maintenance requirements as a function of operating time
Combustion Inspection
The combustion inspection is a relatively short
disassembly shutdown inspection of fuel nozzles, liners, transition pieces, crossfire tubes and retainers, spark plug assemblies, flame detectors and combustor flow sleeves. This inspection concentrates on the combustion liners, transition pieces, fuel nozzles and end caps which are recognized as being the first to require replacement and repair in a good maintenance program.
Tubo-annular or can-annular combustor for a heavy-duty gas turbine. (Courtesy of General Electric Company,)
assemblies should be removed and replaced with new or repaired components to minimize downtime. Typical combustion inspection requirements for MS6001B/7001EA/9001E machines are: Inspect and identify combustion chamber components. Inspect and identify each crossfire tube, retainer and combustion liner. Inspect combustion liner for TBC spallation, wear and cracks. Inspect combustion system and discharge casing for debris and foreign objects. Inspect flow sleeve welds for cracking. Inspect transition piece for wear and cracks. Inspect fuel nozzles for plugging at tips, erosion of tip holes and safety lock of tips.
assembly for plugging, erosion, burning, etc. Inspect spark plug assembly for freedom from binding; check condition of electrodes and insulators. Replace all consumables and normal wear-and tear items such as seals, nuts, bolts, gaskets, etc. Perform visual inspection of first-stage turbine nozzle partitions and borescope inspect turbine buckets to mark the progress of wear and deterioration of these parts. This inspection will help establish the schedule for the hot-gaspath inspection.
condition of blading in the aft end of axial-flow compressor with a borescope. Visually inspect the compressor inlet and turbine exhaust areas, checking condition of IGVs, IGV bushings, last-stage buckets and exhaust system components. Verify proper operation of purge and check valves. Confirm proper setting and calibration of the combustion controls
those parts exposed to high temperatures from the hot gases discharged from the combustion process. The hot gas path inspection outlined in the Figure includes the full scope of the combustion inspection and, in addition, a detailed inspection of the turbine nozzles, stator shrouds and turbine buckets.
all machines are: Inspect and record condition of first-, secondand third-stage buckets. If it is determined that the turbine buckets should be removed, follow bucket removal and condition recording instructions. Buckets with protective coating should be evaluated for remaining coating life. Inspect and record condition of first-, second and third-stage nozzles. Inspect and record condition of later-stage nozzle diaphragm packings. Check seals for rubs and deterioration of clearance.
Record the bucket tip clearances. Inspect bucket shank seals for clearance, rubs and
deterioration. Check the turbine stationary shrouds for clearance, cracking, erosion, oxidation, rubbing and build-up. Check and replace any faulty wheel space thermocouples. Enter compressor inlet plenum and observe the condition of the forward section of the compressor. Pay specific attention to IGVs, looking for corrosion, bushing wear evidenced by excessive clearance and vane cracking. Enter the combustion wrapper and, with a borescope, observe the condition of the blading in the aft end of the axial flow compressor.
of cracking or deterioration. The first-stage turbine nozzle assembly is exposed to the direct hot-gas discharge from the combustion process and is subjected to the highest gas temperatures in the turbine section. Such conditions frequently cause nozzle cracking and oxidation and, in fact, this is expected. The second- and third-stage nozzles are exposed to high gas bending loads, which in combination with the operating temperatures, can lead to downstream deflection and closure of critical axial clearances.
Major Inspection
The purpose of the major inspection is to examine all
of the internal rotating and stationary components from the inlet of the machine through the exhaust. A major inspection should be scheduled in accordance with the recommendations in the owners Operations and Maintenance Manual or as modified by the results of previous borescope and hot gas path inspection.
machines are: All radial and axial clearances are checked against their original values (opening and closing). Casings, shells and frames/diffusers are inspected for cracks and erosion. Compressor inlet and compressor flow-path are inspected for fouling, erosion, corrosion and leakage. The IGVs are inspected, looking for corrosion, bushing wear and vane cracking. Rotor and stator compressor blades are checked for tip clearance, rubs, impact damage, corrosion pitting, bowing and cracking.
erosion, rubbing, cracking, and build-up. Seals and hook fits of turbine nozzles and diaphragms are inspected for rubs, erosion, fretting or thermal deterioration. Turbine buckets are removed and a nondestructive check of buckets and wheel dovetails is performed (first stage bucket protective coating should be evaluated for remaining coating life). Buckets that were not recoated at the hot gas path inspection should be replaced. Wheel dovetail fillets, pressure faces, edges, and intersecting features must be closely examined for conditions of wear, galling, cracking or fretting. Rotor inspections recommended in the maintenance and inspection manual or by Technical Information Letters should be performed.
and wear. Inlet systems are inspected for corrosion, cracked silencers and loose parts. Exhaust systems are inspected for cracks, broken silencer panels or insulation panels. Check alignment gas turbine to generator/gas turbine to accessory gear.
when using cleaning solvents. The following requirements must be met when the engine room is entered. (1) The gas turbine shall be shut down or limited to idle power. (2) The enclosure door shall be kept open. If the gas turbine is operating, station an observer at the enclosure door. 3) Do not touch any part of an operating engine, as the engine becomes extremely hot. Wear insulated gloves as necessary. (4) Wear approved ear protection if the engine is operating
plane of rotation, when starting or monitoring the engine. (6) Attach an approved safety clearance tag such as DA Form 4324 to the starting control when work is being done. (7) Make sure the engine, generator, and related equipment are clean. Keep oil-soaked rags out of the generating facility to avoid a fire hazard.