Chapter Three

Socialization:
From Infancy
to Old Age

Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity

Socialization the lifelong social

experience by which individuals develop their _____ _________.

Personality a

persons fairly _______ ________ of acting, thinking, and feeling.

Human Development: Nature and Nurture Sociobiology the role of nature Elements of society have a ___________ root Behaviorism - the role of _______ Most of who and what we are as a species is learned, or social in nature

Biological Sciences Human Development: Nature and Nurture

Charles Darwins study of _______ led to the nature argument. ______ that enhance survival emerge as a species nature.

Social Sciences Human Development: Nature and Nurture

John Watson developed a theory called _________. Behavior is not ________, but _______.

Social Isolation
Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered _________ and ________ damage. Six months of complete ______ was enough to lead to permanent developmental damage.

Social Isolation

Three children, Anna, Isabelle, and Genie were left in isolation and suffered _________ _________ ________. Social experience performs a crucial role in forming _________.

Without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action

Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud believed that biology plays a major role in _______ ____________. Eros (the ____ instinct) - covers all the selfpreserving and erotic instincts. Thanatos (the ______ instinct) - covers all the instincts towards aggression, self-destruction and cruelty.

Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud

Our _____ ______ or needs as humans are reflected in the concept of id

The ego is the element of the personality representing the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives.
_______, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands and demands that individuals become ____ __________.

Cognitive Development Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people _____ and _________. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:

(1) (2) (3) (4)

The The The The

Sensorimotor Stage. ___________ Stage. Concrete Operational Stage. Formal Operational Stage.

Cognitive Development Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget

Stages of development

Sensorimotor stage
Sensory contact smelling, looking)

understanding

(eg. touching,

Preoperational stage
Use of language and experiences/objects)

other symbols

(specific

Concrete operational stage

Perception

of _______ ____________ in surroundings

Formal operational stage

Abstract,

critical thinking (eg. career preferences, etc)

Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as _____ or ______. Young children experience the world in terms of ____ and ________.

Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader ______ _____. Lastly, individuals begin to think about _______ principles beyond societys norms.

Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg

Pre-Conventional
1. Obedience & punishment orientation 2. Self-interest orientation

Conventional
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity 4. Authority and social-order orientation

__________________
5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles

Gender Development Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan

Gilligan

compared the moral development of girls and boys. The two sexes use different standards of _________.

Gender Development Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan

Boys

have a justice perspective, relying on ______ _____. Girls have a _____ and _________ perspective, relying on personal relationships.

Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead Mead believed social behaviorism explains how social experience creates personality. Meads central concept is the self the part of the individuals personality composed of self-awareness and selfimage. The _______ of the ____ is in social experience.

Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead

Building on the Social Experience

Figure 3-1 (p. 77)

Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead

Building on the Social Experience

Recognizing the ________ _____:
Widespread norms & values people take as their own

Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley Cooley used the term the lookingglass self a self-image based on how we think others see us. Others represent a mirror in which we can see _______. What we think of ourselves depends on what we think others ____ __ __.

Stages of Development Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson

Erikson felt we face eight challenges throughout the life course. Success at one stage prepares us for meeting the next. He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented, in ________ _______.

Stages of Development Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson 8 Stages

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6)
(7) (8)

Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority _______ vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Agents of Socialization
The family has the greatest impact on __________.

Social Readjustment Scale

Agents of Socialization
Race and Class

Racial Identity
Social Class Position
________ & conformity (poor) vs. good judgment & creativity (rich)

Agents of Socialization
_________ enlarges childrens social worlds to include people with different backgrounds.

Agents of Socialization
Peer groups ______ groups whose members have interests, social positions, and ages in common.

Agents of Socialization

Mass media ________ communications aimed at a vast audience.

Agents of Socialization
Violence and television
1996: American Medical Association stated ________ on television and films are hard to health 1997: Television rating system adopted

Socialization and the Life Course

Learning continues throughout our lives. Childhood is currently becoming ______.

Socialization and the Life Course

_______ is often a period of social and emotional turmoil.

Socialization and the Life Course

Adulthood is characterized by early goal setting and later _______.

Socialization and the Life Course

Old age begins in the midsixties in the United States.

Elisabeth Kbler-Ross Death & Dying 5 Stages

1. 2. 3.

Denial Anger Negotiation

4.
5.

__________
Acceptance

Life Course Patterns and Variations

1. The life course is a ______ __________ 2. Stages in life are learning experiences
Cohort a category of people with something in common (usually their age)

Resocialization: Total Institutions

___ _______ people experience being confined in prisons or mental hospitals.

Resocialization: Total Institutions

Total institution a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an ________ _____. Resocialization radically changing an inmates personality by carefully ________ the environment.