Leadership

To understand Definition of Leadership Traits of Effective Leaders Leadership Skills Leadership Theories Leadership Styles

Definition of Leadership
A leader is one who sets vision, goals and motivates

people and obtains their commitment to achieve the goals

and realize the vision.

Traits of effective leadership

Some researchers believed cognitive and psychological factors like intelligence, ambition, aggressiveness are common traits in leaders Others believed height, large body structure and personal attractiveness are important Initiative, desire to lead, integrity, self-confidence, analytical ability, charisma, creativity etc are some of the common traits of a leader

Leadership behavior Vs. Traits:

Leaders are born not made Leaders can be developed

Leadership Skills
Robert Katz, identified three skills

Technical skills Human skills

Conceptual skills

Technical skills:

A persons knowledge and ability to make effective use of any process or technique constitutes his technical skills.

Leadership Skills Contd

Human skills: Human skills also involve developing positive interpersonal; relationships, solving peoples problems and gaining acceptance of other employees.

Conceptual skills: It refers to the ability to analyze complex situation, interpret available information.

Leadership Skills Contd

Organizational Levels Top Middle Supervisor Technical Knowledge & Skills required Human

Conceptual

Leadership Theories
Trait Theories Early researchers studied the personality traits and concluded that leaders are born and not made. Example: Napoleon

Leadership Theories
Great person theory leadership traits can be acquired with training and experience.

Example: Anil Ambani

Behavioral Theories
Researcher tried to identify the behavior that were unique to leader & which distinguished them from non leaders. Four behavioral theories

The Ohio state studies

University of Michigan studies The managerial grid Scandinavian studies

The Ohio State Studies

In 1945-study conducted at Ohio state university.

They defined two dimensions Initiating structure

Individuals ability to define his as well as subordinates tasks and get them accomplished in time.

Consideration - Extent, to which a leader cares for his subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings and establishes work relation by mutual trust and respect.

The researchers concluded that a high-high type of leadership yielded best results.

University of Michigan Studies

Research carried out at Survey research center, university of Michigan.

Leadership behavior could be categorized along 2 dimensions.

Employee-oriented leaders achieve satisfaction and higher group productivity.

higher

job

Productionoriented leaders achieve lower job satisfaction and lower group productivity.

Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid

Blake and Mouton developed a two dimensional matrix model of leadership styles.

The model consist of nine rows and column.

The rows represent the leader's concern for production, while the column represent concern for people.

Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid Contd

High 1, 9 Country Club Management 5, 5 Middle of the Road Management 1, 1 Impoverished Management 9, 1 Authority Compliance High 9,9 Team Management

Low

Concern for people

Concern for production

Scandinavian Studies
Behavioral theories were developed (1945 & 1965) Research result in emergence of new dimension called development oriented behavior Development oriented leaders experimented with new ideas and practices and embrace changes The subordinate of development oriented leaders also showed higher level of job satisfaction

Contingency Approaches
Contingency theories of leadership postulate that leaders have to change their style depending on situation they face.

Fiedlers contingency model Hersey and Blanchards situational theory

Leader member exchange theory

Leadership- participation model Path goal theory

Fiedlers Contingency Model

Fred

Fiedler and his associates developed this model.

The choice of

the most appropriate style of leadership depends on whether the overall situation is favorable or unfavorable to the leader which is analyzed based on following parameters:

Fiedlers Contingency Model

Leadermember relationships: The extent to which

a leader is accepted by his subordinates Degree of task structure: Degree to which the task on hand can be performed efficiently.
The Leaders Position:

It refer to the power or formal authority that the leader is bestowed within the organization.

Hersey and Blanchards Situational Theory

It is other wise called Life cycle model.

Maturity level of the subordinate plays a major role in influencing the leadership style of the superior

All employees will not have the same level of competence and commitment to do the assigned tasks.

Hersey and Blanchards Situational Theory Contd According to Hersey and Blanchard, leadership styles can be categorized into four types: Low in his ability to perform as well as willingness to perform - telling style Low in ability but high in willingness to perform - selling style Capable of performing but not willing to perform participating style Capable and is also willing to carry out the task delegating style

Leader Member Exchange Theory

George Green and his associates developed LMX theory. Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of subordinates, usually early in their interaction. The small group is referred to as the in-group and the rest are called out group. Ingroup members receive high performance ratings and receive rewards and promotions quickly. Leaders favor people who have attitudes and personality similar to their own.

Leadership Participation Model

Victor Vroom

& Philip Yetton

Leadership Styles: 5 styles of leadership

Autocratic I
Autocratic

leader takes a decision on his own

II - leader obtains relevant information from subordinates & then attempts to find a solution

Consultative I leader explains problem & invites ideas, he takes final decision

Leadership Participation Model contd

Consultative II - leader meets a group of subordinates, discuses the problem & listens to their ideas , final decision may or may not be according to subordinates

Group II - after sharing the problem with the subordinates, the leader initiates a group discussion till a consensus is reached. The leader accepts the solution offered by his subordinates

Path Goal Theory

Path goal theory is contingency model of leadership developed by Robert House.

According to this theory leader should provide required support & guidance to his followers.

Path Goal Theory contd

Directive leadership:

Leader clearly tells his subordinates what is expected gives schedules and instructs how

Supportive leadership: The leader attempts to address the needs and problems

Path Goal Theory contd

Participative leadership

Discusses problems & seeks suggestions

Achievementoriented leadership: Attempts

to develop his subordinates

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Autocratic

leadership: The leaders attain all the authority and decision making power Consultative leadership: The leaders encourage employees to participate in decision making

Laissez faire: Leader completely delegates the responsibilities and decision making power to the subordinates

Leadership Styles contd

Bureaucratic leadership: Leaders set certain rigid rules and regulations and procedures

Manipulative leadership: They believe that the employees should be manipulated to get them to behave in the way the leader wants them to behave

Expert leadership: A person with high level of knowledge and abilities leads the group

Roles and activities of managers

Interpersonal role:

There are three roles: Figurehead role Leader role Liaison role

Roles and activities of managers contd

Informational role:

There are three roles: Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson

Roles and activities of managers contd

Decisional role:

Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator

Activities performed by managers

Communication

Traditional management
Human Resource Management Networking

To understand Definition of Leadership Traits of Effective Leaders Leadership Skills Leadership Theories Leadership Styles Roles and Activities of Managers Determinants of Leadership Task of a Supervisor Effective Supervisory Practices

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