Low Structural (Respond To Isolated/remote Structure Fire)

Wildfire Low Structural
PUAFIR202A
Respond to isolated/remote structure fire
Edition 2.0 2007
Module introduction
Module objectives
When responding to isolated or remote structure
fires, be able to:
gain access to the site or building
locate and combat the fire using appropriate
firefighting strategies and tactics
use portable extinguishers and ancillary
equipment carried on the tanker
conclude firefighting operations.
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 2
Module introduction
Module Outline
Sessions:
1
Structure Fire Behaviour (100 mins)
Heat transfer in structure fires (20 mins)
Structure collapse (30 mins)
Size-up and RECEO (50 mins)
Fire suppression strategies and tactics (100 mins)
Ventilation Salvage and overhaul (50 mins)
Classes of fire and extinguishing

mediums (20 mins)
Portable Fire extinguishers (30 mins)

Edition 2.0 2007
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Module introduction

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 1:
Structure Fire Behaviour
Session 1 objectives
Be able to:
explain how structure fires develop and behave
identify risk situations such as:
Flashover
Backdraught
Fire gas explosion
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Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Principles of fire
Flammability and fuels
Structure fire development stages
Factors affecting fire development
Fire gas explosions
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Extreme fire behaviour

Dont let this happen to you!
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Edition 2.0 2007

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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Combustion (Fire Triangle)
Heat
Provides energy to convert
fuel to vapour
Fuel
Solid, Liquid or Vapour/Gas state.
Oxygen
Fuel reacts with oxygen and fuel vapours mix
with air.
When heat, fuel and oxygen are present in

correct proportions, combustion will occur
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Fire tetrahedron
Fire requires the interaction of:
oxygen;
heat;
fuel; and
a chemical chain reaction.
Chemical chain reaction

A self sustaining chain reaction that maintains
the combustion process.
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
The 4 phases of combustion
Phase 1 Incipient (initial) phase

Phase 2 Smouldering phase
Phase 3 Flaming phase
Phase 4 Heat phase.
The time required for a fire to develop through

the first two phases is usually quite long in
comparison with the last two phases.
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Products of combustion (fire gases)
visible as smoke and light
consist of:
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Effect of non flammable gases on fire
No direct part in promoting the chemical chain
reaction
May be referred to as Passive Agents or
Passives
May effect fire behaviour by displacing oxygen or
removing heat
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
fire behaviour in a small
compartment fire
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of fuels
caused by heat
Heated fuels begin to decompose (pyrolise) at
about 80 0C
Pyrolysis occurs in wood at around 150 200 0C
Pyrolysis gases are flammable at the right
temperature and mixture
pyrolysis is a key sign of

impending flashover
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Session 1:
Principles of fire
Pyrolysis in action at the

Stardust Theatre
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Session 1:

Limits of flammability
If too little or too much fuel is present,
combustion will not take place;
the mixture is said to be either, too rich or too
lean.
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Session 1:

Flammability range:
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), or Lower Limit (LL)
Ideal Mixture (IM)
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) or Upper Limit (UL)
Flammability range for carbon monoxide
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Session 1:

Smoke burns Flammability range of
carbon monoxide
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Session 1:

Flammable gas ignition terminology:
Flashpoint
Firepoint
Auto ignition
Spontaneous ignition
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Session 1:

The stages of fire development are:
1. Developing (growing) fire stage
2. Transition to a fully developed (free burning) fire
stage
3. Fully developed (free burning) fire stage
4. Decaying fire stage.
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Session 1:

Fire growth in a
compartment fire
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Session 1:

Stage 1 Developing (growing ) fire
Smouldering fire releases
toxic/flammable gases
If ventilated fire, flames
will grow and quickly
spread.
Large quantities of
flammable gases with
increased pyrolysis in
furnishings, walls and
surfaces
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Session 1:

Stage 1 Developing (growing ) fire
Thick, black layer of
unburnt super heated
flammable gases extends
down from ceiling
When smoke exiting
equals smoke produced a
neutral plane will form.
Cleaner air and cooler
temps exist below the
smoke layer
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Session 1:

Structure fire flashover
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Session 1:

Stage 2 Transition to fully developed fire
Temperatures within smoke
layer may reach 10000C within
a few minutes.
Pyrolysis of exposed surfaces
generates large amounts of
flammable gases.
If sufficient oxygen remains to
maintain ignition source
(flames), fire gases will ignite
in a sudden and sustained
transition to a fully developed
fire (Flash Over).
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Session 1:

Structure fire backdraught
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Session 1:

Backdraught
Poorly ventilated fire
accumulated fire gases
containing significant
proportions of partial
combustion products and
unburnt pyrolysis products
Air entering through an
opening can lead to a
backdraught, a sudden
deflagration moving through
the compartment and out of
the opening
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Session 1:

backdraught controlled
demonstrations
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Session 1:

Firefighter safety
Firefighters need to recognise conditions
that may lead to a flashover,
backdraught or fire gas explosion.
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Session 1:

Warning signs for firefighter safety
How long has the fire been burning?

What sorts of materials are involved?
Types and quantity of fuel?
How well is the fire ventilated?
Are flames visible, if so where and what colour
are they?
What does the smoke look like? Colour, type,
presence of flames flickering within the smoke?
How is the smoke behaving? Billowing,
pulsating?
Any whistling noise? Indraughts of air?
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Session 1:
If any of the warning signs are present,

appropriate strategies and tactics must be
employed to ensure that the safety of
firefighters at the scene is maintained.
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Session 1:

Stage 3 Fully developed fire
Given an adequate supply
of air, fire will continue as
long as fuel is available.
Stage 4 Decaying fire

As fuel is consumed the
fire will begin to die
down.
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Session 1:

Fire Development Vs Occupant Survivability
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Session 1:
Factors affecting fire development

Airtight room
If the compartment is airtight, the fire will die out
when all the oxygen has been used up
Insufficient fuel
The fire will die out once fuel is consumed
Smouldering fire
Insufficient energy to ignite and flashover. It will
eventually move to a too rich mixture.
If stirred up by firefighters embers
may provide an ignition source for
fire gases in the compartment
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Session 1:
Fire gas explosion

Risk to firefighters
Flammable fire gases may travel some distance
and form within the confines of a building.
These gases may exist in:
the fire compartment itself
in adjacent compartments, entrance halls, and
corridors
In structural voids and roof spaces.
The admission of air is not a requirement for

ignition of these gases:
already formed into an ideal premixed state

simply awaiting an ignition source.
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Session 1:
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
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Session 1:

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Be able to:
List and describe four ways that heat transfer
can cause fire to spread through a structure, or
from one structure to another.
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Session 2:
Content outline
Radiant heat
Convection
Conduction
Direct burning (flame impingement).
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Session 2:
Radiant heat
Radiated heat:
Radiated heat travels

in straight lines
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travels in all directions

away from its source
will accelerate fire
development through
pyrolysis
may cause a flashover
within a compartment
may auto ignite exposed
fuels.
Session 2:
Convection
Convected heat:
travels in stairwells and lifts
accelerates burning by
entraining air, supplying
additional oxygen to the fire
spreads fire by transferring
hot air and gases upwards
or laterally through a
structure
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Session 2:
Conduction
Conducted heat:
transfers heat through or
along a solid material
from a region of higher
temperature to a region of
lower temperature;
spreads the fire;
weakens steel;
expanding beams
may push out walls.
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Session 2:
Direct burning
Direct burning:
transfers heat by physical
flame contact (flame
impingement).
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Session 2:
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
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Session 2:

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 3:
Structure Collapse
Be able to:
recognise different types of constructions
identify causes and recognise signs of imminent
structure collapse.
describe actions required by firefighters in the
event of structural damage or collapse.
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Session 3:
Structure collapse
Content outline
Causes of structural collapse

Signs of structural collapse
Action to take at structural fires
Pre incident planning
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Factors affecting a structure stability:
inferior workmanship
alterations and modifications
excessive additional loads
type of building materials
age
fire damage.
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Lightweight floor truss
Comprises timber joists and
steel gang nails or nail
plates pressed along the
joists
Heat and flames penetrate
plaster causing rapid failure
of the truss system
The floors above the fire
may partially or totally
collapse
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Session 3:
Structure collapse
Signs of structural failure

Signs of collapse may include:
Movement in a floor or in a roof;

Concave/sagging floors;
Cracks appearing in brickwork;
Walls out of alignment;
Unprotected steel distorting;
Prolonged burning; and,
Intense fire and loud noise.
A stream of sparks and embers rising in a plume may

indicate that internal structural collapse has occurred
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Whats happening
underneath you?
Fire damaged
joists provide little
support for upper
floor
May not be evident
when working from
above
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Concave/sagging ceiling/upper floor
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Collapsed ceiling/upper floor
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Sagging bearers
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Walls out of alignment
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Unprotected steel distorting
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

Prolonged burning
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Session 3:
Structure collapse
Actions to take at structural fires

If there are signs of imminent or possible collapse:
Move away from the structure immediately;

Cordon off the area;
Avoid directing hose jets at affected areas;
Where possible, drain water from floors to avoid
excessive weight build up; and,
Constantly assess the buildings stability.
Firefighter safety must be given
priority over all other fire suppression
considerations and activities.
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Session 3:
Structure collapse
Pre-incident planning
A pre-incident plan should consider:
location and means of
access and exit;
materials used in
construction;
material hazards;
building occupancy or
use;
probable number of
people in the building
(day or night);
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contents of the building;

isolation points for
services;
fire protection features;
other safety features;
and,
special hazards
associated with the
building or its contents.
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Questions
?
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Session 3:
Structure collapse

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Be able to describe:
how Size-Up and RECEO assist in determining
fireground priorities
the 5 steps used to identify hazards and
minimise any risks in firefighting operations
ways to minimise damage to cultural assets or
the environment caused by firefighting
operations
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Content outline
Size-up
Process
Role of firefighters in size-up
Considerations in size-up
Dynamic risk assessment

RECEO
Meaning of acronym RECEO

Priorities and considerations
Minimising damage from fire operations.

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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size-up
What is Size-up?
Actions taken by the crew leader in weighing up
available information and determining the most
appropriate method of attack
What role do firefighters (Crew) have in Size-up?

To report ongoing, accurate information about
the situation and developments. This will:
assist the crew leader in making effective

decisions
ensure operational plan is based on accurate
and timely information.
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size-up
Size-up process:
Facts;
Probabilities;
Own situation, including firefighter safety;
Decisions; and,
Plan of operation.
Firefighter safety must be given
priority over all other fire
suppression considerations and
activities.
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size -up
Considerations
Incident location
Type of occupancy
Time of day
Crew competencies
Hazards and risks
threat to life,
property,
the environment and
exposures
the need for damage
control
hazardous materials
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Structure construction
and layout
Stage of fire
development
Potential for rapid fire
progress
Potential for structural
collapse
Access to the seat of
fire
Weather conditions
Water supply
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Dynamic Risk Assessment
Ongoing risk assessment

continually re-access the situation,
take into account changes in fire behaviour and
development,
adjust actions accordingly (through the chain of
command)
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RECEO
Acronym RECEO stands for:
Rescue;
Exposures;
Containment;
Extinguishment; and
Overhaul.
RECEO activities may be undertaken

concurrently
Priorities determined by fire conditions, available
equipment, personnel and resources on scene
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
(Rescues)ECEO
Being first does not mean firefighters must
immediately commence rescue activities.
Rescue considerations:
how immediate the threat is;

the stage of fire development
fire behaviour within the structure
the number and location of people to be rescued;
the availability of personnel, equipment and
resources; and
the likelihood of occupant survivability
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
R(Exposures)CEO
Any adjacent structures, properties or machinery
not directly involved in the fire but at risk of
being damaged or burnt if a fire is not contained.
Exposure considerations:
fire intensity;
space between structures;
shielding to the adjacent premises;
wind direction; and
type of construction.
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RE(Containment)EO
Operations required to prevent a fire from
spreading to uninvolved parts of the structure
Closing doors
Removing fuels
Protecting exposures with water jets or sprays
Containment considerations:
fuels
potential areas of spread
water supply availability
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
REC(Extinguishment)O
the method of fire suppression and actions taken
in putting out the fire
Extinguishment considerations
type and quantity of fuel involved
physical arrangement of the fuel
location of the fire and the availability of
equipment
the environment
quantity, quality and availability of extinguishing
medium
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RECE(Overhaul)
operations taken to ensure that the fire is
completely out and takes place as soon as all
other stages of fire control have been reached
Considerations
places where fire may smoulder unnoticed
overhaul activities may impede investigation of a
suspicious fire
try to preserve evidence at the scene around
point of origin
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Environment and community assets

Minimising environmental impacts
CFA policy requires that, wherever possible,
emergency operations be carried out in a way
which minimises damage to environmental,
cultural and other community assets
Relevant SOs and SOPs

Standing Order 16: Environmental care
SOP 9-28: Strategies and tactics
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Runoff from fire operations

Water applied to fires is a potential contaminant
to:
Water courses;
Dams;
Nearby crops;
Streams and catchment areas.
Where risk of pollution or
environmental damage exists, contain
run off from fire fighting activities.
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Minimising impacts of fire operations

Operations requiring particular care include:
fires involving metal and chemicals

fuel and oil
hazmat spills
foam
smoke pollution
damage to buildings, structures and assets of
cultural importance
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Controlling water run off

Water run off may be controlled by:
Using tarps or earth to dam the flow.
Damming up storm water drains to redirect
water runoff to a temporary storage area by:
Sandbagging
Tarps across the flow
Charged hose line positioned as a barrier
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
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Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies

and tactics for structure fires
Be able to
provide an effective response to a
remote/isolated low structural fire
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Session 5:
Content outline
Responding to structure fires

Actions before commencing any attack
Locating the fire and gaining entry
Firefighting strategies
Ancillary operations
Ropes and knots.
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Session 5:
Responding to Structure Fires

Conditions encountered by crews responding to
remote isolated structure fires:
well established structure fires
limited access to reticulated water supply
a shortage of breathing apparatus and crew
trained in its use
Crew actions may be limited to

protecting exposures and
containing the fire to the structure
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Session 5:
Where the structure is involved in the fire or

contains smoke and fire gases, it is considered
unsafe for firefighters wearing wildfire apparel
and without BA, to enter the structure.
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Session 5:

Structure firefighting safety considerations
Firefighter safety is always the first priority
Personal protective clothing must be worn
(Wildfire PPC is appropriate for Wildfire with low

structural risk profile).
Always work in a team of two or more

Follow your crew leaders instructions
If structure is alight or smoke filled, avoid
entering structure until fire is controlled
and building has been ventilated.
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Session 5:
Actions before commencing any attack

Before applying water try to establish:
whether or not the utilities have been isolated
the direction the fire is spreading (exposures)
nature of and exact location of burning
materials
the stage of fire development
likelihood of flashover
likelihood of a backdraught
likelihood of a fire gas explosion
whether or not ventilation is a possibility

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Session 5:

External indicators of fire location may include:
smoke and its colour

colour of flames
sound of fire burning
increased surface temperatures
blistering paintwork
alarm systems
Members of the public or
detection systems
other attending agencies
structural movement
may also provide
information on fire position.
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Session 5:

Internal indicators of fire location may include:
increased surface temperature of walls, panels
and doors
discolouration of paint or blistering paintwork
discolouration of glass
discolouration of plaster
water coming from sprinkler heads
sound of fire burning
flames and smoke
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Session 5:

Gaining entry
Normal entry
principal entry via front door or open windows

secondary entrance via side or rear door
Forced entry
Legislation gives firefighters the authority to

make a forced entry
Every effort should be made to gain entry by

normal means and avoid unnecessary damage
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Session 5:

Forcible entry tools may include:
Always wear
appropriate
PPC/E when
using forcible
entry tools.
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Session 5:

Forcible entry Options for following fence types:
Paling
Metal panel
Chain wire
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Session 5:

Forcible entry Options for following door types:
Hinged
Barred
Sliding
Automatic
Cantilever
Roller
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Session 5:

Forcible entry Options for following window
types:
sash
casement
fixed
barred
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Session 5:
Firefighting operational considerations for crews
without BA and structural ensemble
Crew will generally be limited to external attack
using either direct or indirect firefighting tactics.
Crew Leader/IC may decide that it is safe to
enter the structure and attack the seat of the fire
directly, if the structure:
is not yet involved in the fire, and

has been ventilated to remove smoke and fire
gases.
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Session 5:
Defensive strategies
a non aggressive external
approach
water streams may be
placed between the fire
and any exposures to
prevent the spread of
fire
usually the first
approach if the structure
is involved and crew do
not have self contained
breathing apparatus
During defensive
operations, firefighters
do not normally enter
the burning structure
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Session 5:
Offensive strategies
an aggressive approach to
firefighting
May be used by crew who
do not have BA only when:
Direct attack on
the seat of the fire
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structure is not involved

or structure has been
ventilated and,
fire conditions allow
firefighters conduct a
direct attack on the fire
Session 5:
Using water to extinguish a structure fire
water absorbs heat when turning
into steam, cooling the fuel
steam dilutes flammable gases and
displaces most of the smoke and fire
gases reducing pyrolysis
Steam limits the amount of oxygen

reaching the fire by displacing air
smothering the fire.
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Session 5:
Water extinguishing methods - Direct attack
Direct attack uses a jet narrow spray aimed
directly at the fire
Considerations
Must be applied in the early stage of fire
development or in the decay stage
Can worsen conditions for firefighters and victims
Entrains air into the compartment, intensifying

the fire if not correctly used
Can throw embers up into fire gases creating an
ignition source.
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Session 5:
Water extinguishing methods - Indirect attack
Indirect attack uses medium spray aimed directly
at smoke layer to produce steam which cools and
dilutes the fire gases and smothers the fire
Considerations
Worsens conditions for firefighters and casualties
lowers the neutral plane, reducing vision

should only be applied from outside of the
compartment due to the quantities of steam
produced
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Session 5:
Conversion of water to steam
Like a pressure cooker
any occupants remaining inside a compartment

would be extremely unlikely to survive in the
conditions created in an indirect attack.
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Session 5:
Hose stream tactics Direct attack (External)
an aggressive approach
to firefighting used when
seat of fire is accessible
water is applied to the
seat of the fire for
maximum penetration
Break up FUEL and
remove HEAT.
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jet stream first to break

up the seat of the fire
spray pattern to reduce
fuel temperature
Session 5:
Hose stream tactics Direct attack (External)
an aggressive approach to
firefighting used when:
Where a structure is
alight an external attack
offers greater safety to
firefighters.
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structure is involved and

crew do not have BA
structure is unsafe to enter
seat of fire can be accessed
through external openings
fire conditions allow
firefighters attack the seat of
the fire
Session 5:
Hose stream tactics

indirect attack
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Session 5:
Hose stream tactics - Indirect attack (External)
medium stream is
directed through an
outside opening into the
superheated gas layer
water absorbs heat
from the fire and turns
to steam, cooling the
fire.
Smoke and other products
of combustion forced out after several minutes
the interior atmosphere
any available opening
will be mostly steam.
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Session 5:
Hose stream tactics - Combination attack
(External)
medium stream vigorously
rotated using a circular
motion
stream strikes ceiling,
Steam, smoke and heated

gases may be emitted in
such situations.
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walls, floor and fire

stream shut down when
fire intensity starts to
diminish to let the steam
produced continue the
extinguishment process.
Session 5:
Ancillary operations
Ancillary operations may include:
Shutting off utilities

Setting up lighting
Securing the area
Providing emergency care
Damming run off water
Making up equipment
Salvage
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 106
Session 5:
Ropes and knots

The parts of a rope
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 107
Session 5:
Ropes and knots

Knots used
Overhand knot
Figure-of-eight knot
Reef knot
Sheet bend
Double sheet bend
Clove hitch
Timber hitch
Bowline
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 108
Session 5:
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 109
Session 5:

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage and overhaul
Be able to:
Describe the methods used to ventilate
structures
Recognise potential risks to firefighters
associated with ventilating burning structures.
Describe actions taken by firefighters during
salvage and overhaul operations
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 111
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Content outline
Ventilation
Purpose of ventilation
Benefits of effective ventilation
Methods of ventilation and their potential risks
Precautions taken to reduce risks
Salvage operations
Overhaul operations
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 112
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Ventilation is carried out to:
Remove smoke,
Remove heat and gases from a structure;
Replace them with cooler and cleaner air.
Inappropriate ventilation may

create a backdraught or
increase rate of fire.
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 113
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Effective ventilation will:
Prevent or reduce damage;

Prevent the spread of fire;
Increase visibility;
Improve firefighting conditions:
a non toxic atmosphere allows firefighters to

work without breathing apparatus; and,
removal of fire gases prevents or reduces the
possibility of back draught or flashover.
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 114
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Ventilation methods include:
Natural ventilation:
Open doors or windows (horizontal/cross

ventilation),
Remove portion of roof cladding,
(vertical ventilation),
Mechanical ventilation:
Extraction (fan),
Positive pressure (fan),
Hydraulic ventilation:
Hose stream (steam or venturi).
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 115
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Natural ventilation
Horizontal cross ventilation (via windows and
doors) showing the correct method:
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 116
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Natural ventilation
Vertical ventilation considerations:
Effect on fire as a result
of ventilating vertically
Is damage resulting from
ventilation warranted
Can ventilation be
completed successfully
Firefighters should never go onto

any roof if there is any doubt about
its safe condition.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 117
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Mechanical ventilation
Negative pressure unit;
Fan or extractor
Smoke drawn through
fan to the outside
Positive pressure unit;

Structure pressurised,
Smoke forced out,
Negative pressure fan (left)
Positive pressure fan (right)
Opening required to
expel heat/smoke/gases.
Positive pressure preferred method as it
reduces firefighter exposure to toxic products.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 118
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Hydraulic ventilation
Hose stream (steam or venturi) considerations:
For residual light smoke
and heat where there is
no remaining fire.
Fog stream will move
large volumes of smoke
and gases
Self contained breathing
apparatus should be
worn.
Line of retreat, protected
with charged hoselines.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 119
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Precautions when ventilating:
Avoid unnecessary damage
Do not expose areas not involved unless
adequate protection in place
Do not prevent or impede egress from the
structure
Only use mechanical ventilation in the overhaul
phase
Line of retreat should always be protected with
charged hoselines
BA to be worn when entering toxic or oxygen
deficient atmosphere
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 120
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Precautions when ventilating:
Work in pairs when ventilating large areas:
stand to one side of doors or windows,

stay low and have charged hoselines in position
before ventilating
Always probe openings made in a roof to be

sure that there is nothing below
One large opening in the roof is more efficient
than several small openings.
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 121
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Salvage
Salvage operations are:
actions taken during and immediately after the
fire to minimise the damage caused by
firefighting operations
Structure and contents can be damaged by:
fire fighting operations (water, steam)

fire (smoke, heat)
breakage
weather
Salvage operations may
reduce or prevent damage
theft
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 122
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Salvage during fire

Actions taken to support salvage operations
when attacking the fire include:
protecting exposures
minimising damage when forcing entry
using water efficiently and effectively
replacing any damaged or leaking hose quickly
using lines to haul hose up the outside of
structures instead of taking them up stairs
redirecting run off away from furniture and stock
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 123
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Salvage after fire

Actions to prevent damage, loss or theft after the
fire include:
removing residual water

ventilating the structure
moving furniture and stock to safe places
covering furniture, plant and machinery with
salvage sheets, tarpaulins or plastic sheeting
maintaining security during and after the event.
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 124
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Overhaul
Overhaul operations are:
actions taken to extinguish hidden pockets of fire
and to cool hot spots
During overhaul, firefighters should:

Be looking for a possible cause of fire
Take care to protect the point of origin by:
gently spraying burning materials, rather than

blasting them with a jet, will assist in the
preservation of evidence.
Suspicious circumstances must

be noted and reported to police.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 125
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 126
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Be able to:
Identify the classes of fire and their fire
behaviour
Select appropriate extinguishing mediums for
each class of fire
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 128
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Content outline
Content covered includes:
Classes of fire
Extinguishing mediums
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 129
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Classes of fire
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 130
Class F
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Classes of fire
Six classes (AS 2444-1995) categorised by type
of material burning :
Class A Carbonaceous
Wood, paper,cloth, rubber, plastics
Class B Liquid fires
Petrol, kero, oil, tar, paint wax
Class C Gaseous fires
LPG, Propane, Butane
Class D Metal fires
Aluminium, magnesium, sodium
Class E Involving electrical Kettles, irons, toasters, electric

equipment
Class F Fat fires

Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 131
blankets, TVs and appliances

Cooking oils and fats
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Extinguishing mediums include:
Water (Class A)
Foams (Class A and Class B)
Powders (Class B and Classes A and C)
Carbon dioxide (Class A and B)
Vaporising liquids (Class A, B, C and E)
Wet chemical (Class A and F)
Dry sand and earth (Class A, B, C, D and E)
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 132
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Foams:
Class A and B fires

Concentrate is mixed with water and air
Foam type and concentration varied to suit class
of fire (1%, 3% or 6%)
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 133
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Foam applications
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 134
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Applying foam
Rain down - foam allowed to
fall gently onto fuel
Banking - foam is allowed to
run off another object
Bounce and roll - foam is laid in
front of the fuel and allowed to
flow over the fire
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 135
Session 7:
Classes of fire
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 136
Session 7:
Classes of fire

PUAFIR202A
Edition 2.0 2007
Session 8:
Fire extinguishers
Session 7 Objectives
Be able to:
Select portable fire extinguisher appropriate to
Class of fire
Operate selected extinguisher and apply
contents effectively when attacking the fire
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 138
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Content outline
Content covered includes:
Portable fire extinguishers

Selection of extinguishers
Ratings of extinguishers
Operating extinguishers
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 139
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers

Common features include:
extinguishing medium
contained in a
cylinder;
each cylinder has:
a carry handle,
valve assembly,
pull pin, safety
catch or anti taper
seal;
pressure indicator
gauge.
Portable extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 140
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Stored pressure water

extinguisher
Red cylinder;
Stored pressure water

extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 141
Water
Class A fires only
Pressurised air propellant
6 m throw;
45 - 60 sec discharge.
Dangerous on
flammable liquid, oil/fat
or electrical fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Powder (ABE) extinguisher

Red with large white band;
Powder (ABE)
extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 142
Monoammonium phosphate
Class A, B, C and E fires only
Inert gas propellant
3 - 4 m throw
8 - 20 sec discharge
Not for use on
Class F cooking
oils and fats
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Powder (BE) extinguisher

Red with large white band;
Powder (BE)
extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 143
Sodium Bicarbonate
Class B, C, E and F fires only
3 - 4 m throw
Limited effectiveness when
used on Class F cooking
oils and fats.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Foam extinguisher
Red with large blue band;
Water and foam (600ml AFFF
or AR-AFFF)
Class A, B and F fires only
5 m throw;
30 - 60 sec discharge.
Foam extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 144
Limited effectiveness
when used on Class F
cooking oils and fats.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
CO2 Extinguisher
Red with large black band
CO2 extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 145
Carbon dioxide
Class E, A, B, C and F fires only
Pressurised CO2 propellant
1 2 m throw
8 15 sec discharge
used on Class A, B, C or F
fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Wet Chemical Extinguisher

Red with large oatmeal band
Wet chemical
extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 146
Liquid suppressant
Class F and A fires only
Nitrogen or Air propellant
5 m throw
90 sec discharge
If contact with skin or
clothing, irrigate the area
with large amounts of water.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Vaporising liquid Extinguisher

Red with large yellow band
Vaporising liquid
extinguisher
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 147
Liquid suppressant
Class A, B, C and E fires only
Nitrogen or Air propellant
3 m throw
used on Class B and C fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers

Water
Powder Powder
(ABE)
(BE)
Foam
CO2
Wet
Chemical
Vaporising
liquid
Portable fire
extinguisher
guide
Class A
yes
yes
no
yes
limited
yes
yes
Class B
no
yes
yes
yes
limited
no
limited
Class C
no
yes
yes
no
limited
no
limited
Class D
no
special
special
no
no
no
no
Class E
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
Class F
no
no
limited
limited
limited
yes
no
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 148
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher
classification and rating
Numbers, letters and pictographs placed on
extinguishers identify:
Size fire it can deal with
Classes of fire it can be used on
Whether extinguishing agent is electrically
conductive.
Solids
Liquids Gases
Fats/Oils Electrical
Example of pictographic
Edition 2.0 2007

RIRSF OH 149
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher operation
Using extinguishers:
Check pull pin, anti tamper seal or safety pin is
still in place
Check cylinder is charged
Grasp carry handle and move to the fire
Remove pull pin, anti tamper seal or safety pin
Hold discharge nozzle with one hand
Hold cylinder upright with other hand
Operate actuating mechanism
Direct discharge at base of fire or between any
flammable liquid surface and base of the flames
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 150
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 151
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers

Low Structural (Respond To Isolated/remote Structure Fire)

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Low Structural (Respond To Isolated/remote Structure Fire)

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Wildfire Low Structural

Edition 2.0 2007

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure Fire Behaviour (100 mins)

Heat transfer in structure fires (20 mins)

Structure collapse (30 mins)

Size-up and RECEO (50 mins)

Fire suppression strategies and tactics (100 mins)

Ventilation Salvage and overhaul (50 mins)

Classes of fire and extinguishing

Portable Fire extinguishers (30 mins)

Wildfire Low Structural

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure Fire Behaviour

Edition 2.0 2007

Edition 2.0 2007

Extreme fire behaviour

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Edition 2.0 2007

When heat, fuel and oxygen are present in

Chemical chain reaction

Phase 1 Incipient (initial) phase

The time required for a fire to develop through

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Edition 2.0 2007

Edition 2.0 2007

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pyrolysis is a key sign of

Pyrolysis in action at the

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Flammability and fuels

Edition 2.0 2007

Flammability and fuels

Flammability range for carbon monoxide

Edition 2.0 2007

Flammability and fuels

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Edition 2.0 2007

Flammability and fuels

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

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Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

Structure fire development stages

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

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Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

Structure fire development stages

To play video left mouse click on black area above

Edition 2.0 2007

Structure fire development stages

Structure fire development stages

To play video left mouse click on black area above

Edition 2.0 2007