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Development of Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) developed by Fishbein in mid-1960s Fishbein and Ajzen modified TRA in 1970s and called it the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Kasprzyk and Montano collaborated with Fishbein to produce further extension of the TRA/TPB called the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) in the 1990s
Description of TRA/TPB
TRA/TPB concerned with individual motivational factors as determinants of the likelihood of performing a specific behaviour TRA includes measures of attitude and social normative perceptions that determine behavioural intention, which in turn affects behavior. TPB contains an additional construct: perceived control over performance of the behaviour
Behavioral intention: perceived likelihood of performing the behavior Attitude toward behavior: evaluation of the behavior Subjective norm: belief about whether most people approve of disapprove of the behavior
Behavioral beliefs: belief that behavioral performance is associated with certain attributes or outcomes Evaluation of behavioral outcomes: value attached to a behavioral outcome or attribute Normative beliefs: belief about whether most important people approve or disapprove of behaviour Motivation to comply: Motivation to do what each referent thinks
Perceived behavioral control: perceived control over the behavior Control belief: perceived likelihood of occurrence of each facilitating or constraining condition Perceived power: perceived effect of each condition in making performance difficult or easy
Substitutes Evaluations of behavioral outcomes with Feelings about behavior and Perceived power with Efficacy beliefs Divides Normative beliefs into Others expectations and Others behavior Drops Motivation to comply
Most important determinant of behaviour is still intention to perform behaviour Adds 4 other determinants of behaviour: Knowledge and skills; Salience of behaviour; Environmental constraints; and Habit Expands and renames Attitude, Normative and Control elements
Feelings about behavior: Not defined Control beliefs: beliefs about the likelihood of occurrence of various constraining or facilitating conditions Efficacy Beliefs: perceived effect of these conditions in making behavior easy or difficult
Clearly specify behavior Conduct elicitation study Use findings to design survey Confirm that measures explain behavioral intention Use findings to analyze and identify specific beliefs for intervention Develop arguments to change beliefs Select and train channels for communication Introduce and evaluate intervention
Strengths
Helps organize thought and planning of research, interventions and analysis Provides framework to understand cognitive factors and motivation behind behaviours Requirement of elicitation studies and precise measures provide evidence relevant to individuals, groups or populations Predicts and explains wide range of health behaviours Has evolved over time based on research and experience
Limitations
Doesnt include interpersonal, group and community factors to any great extent
Only one of the references in Chapter 4 of the Glanz book mentioned seniors (Montano, D. & Kasprzk, 2008) In a search of published literature from 2005-2010 on TPB several papers involving seniors appeared, many having to do with predicting physical activity among seniors A search over the same time period in relation to the IBM yielded no papers on aging or seniors.
References
Albarracin, D., Fishbein, M. & de Muchinik, E. (1997). Seeking social support in old age as reasoned action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27 (6), 463-476. Dean, RN, Farrell, JM, Kelley, ML, Taylor, MJ &Rhodes, RE. (2007). Testing the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior to explain strangth training in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15 (1), 1-12. Levin, P. (1999). Test of the Fishbein and Ajzen models as predictors of health care workers glove use. Research in Nursing & Health, 22, 295-307. Montano, D. & Kasprzk, (2008). The Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Integrated Behavioral Model. In Glanz, K.M., Rimer, B.K.& Viswanath, K. (Eds.). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice, pp. 67-96, 4th Edition, San Francisco, California: Jossey- Bass.