PRESENTED BY: Prateek Arora Roll No.

5261 MBA - I

INTRODUCTION
Humans are the only self-reflective, deliberative moral

agents.
Humans co-inhabit Earth with five to ten million species. Environmental ethics claims that we humans are not so

'enlightened' as once supposed, not until we reach a more considerate ethic.

 Environmental quality is necessary for quality of human life. Humans dramatically rebuild their environments; still, their lives, filled

with artefacts, are lived in a natural ecology where resources - soil, air, water, photosynthesis, climate - are matters of life and death.
Culture and nature have entwined destinies, similar to (and related to)

the way minds are inseparable from bodies. So ethics needs to be applied to the environment.

 The plan here is to outline six levels of concern: humans, animals,

organisms, species, ecosystems, Earth

Crises-crossed

with over a dozen differing approaches to environmental ethics: humanistic ethics, animal welfare ethics, biocentrism, deep ecology, land ethics, theological environmental ethics, ethics of ecojustice, communitarian ethics with circles of concern, environmental virtue ethics, axiological environmental ethics, political ecology, sustainable development ethics, bioregionalism, ecofeminism, postmodern environmental ethics, and an ethics of place.

MYTH
Humans: People and their World Animals: Beasts in Flesh and Blood Organisms: Respect for Life Adaptive Fits and Inclusive Ethics

SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY: LIFELINES IN JEOPARDY

Moral Concern for Species Lines

Ecosystems: The Land Ethic

People on Landscape: Environmental Policy and

Managing Nature

REALITY
Environmental ethics on global and regional scales is inextricably

coupled with development ethics.

The Rio Declaration begins: 'Human beings are at the centre of

concerns for sustainable development.

They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with

nature'.

 Ethics - this argument claims - ought not to confuse people

and their Earth.

Earth is a big rockpile like the moon, only one on which the

rocks are watered and illuminated in such a way that they support life.
Earth is no doubt precious as a means of life support, but it

is not precious in itself.

 The over-consumption problem in the developed nations is linked with the under consumption problem in the developing nations, and this results in increasing environmental degradation in both sets of nations. A century ago, a call for community was typically phrased as the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God. For most of the twentieth century the call was phrased as justice and human

rights. In this century such a call must be more ecological and less paternalistic, less humanistic and more global.

CASE STUDY
Critics of the humpback chubs preservation point to these kinds of

economic disadvantages to saving the chub via decommissioning the dam.

The Native Fish Work Group (NFWG), a group founded by the U.S.

Bureau of Reclamation, is charged with saving the humpback and other endemic endangered species of the Colorado River from extinction.
Once these fish reach maturity, they are transferred back to the

Colorado where they attempt to reproduce.

 A critic may also point out that the chub does not seem to have ecosystem

value.
One way of broadly defining ecosystemic value is that it is the contribution

a species makes to the functioning of the trophic structure (food web) of which the species is a part.
Additionally, the critic may point out that the humpback chub has no clear

economic value. One clear way that the chub could have instrumental economic value is if it is used as a food source

CONCLUSION
When the ecosystem was not understood, or even

recognized or appreciated as a system; when the earth and its wilderness were believed to be too vast to be damaged by voluntary human choice; at such a time, there was no environmental ethics.
As methodology, science is properly value-free and should

be value-free (an evaluative reflection, you will notice).

 The issues of environmental ethics are momentous, live and forced (to

borrow William James' terms); that is to say, these issues involve moral choices of enormous importance that we can make and, even more, that we must make.
Our moral responsibility to nature and to the future is of

unprecedented significance and urgency, and it is a responsibility that we can not escape.

 In our heretofore careless and capricious hands lies the fate of our

natural environment, our brother species, and the generations that will succeed us.
Therein lies our inalienable, dreadful challenge -- and our awesome

responsibility.

THANK YOU