Topic 3: Thermal Energy and Heat

Temperature: measures the thermal energy of an object.

Heat: flow of thermal energy between objects with different temperatures.

Types of Heat Transfer conduction, convection, radiation R-values for home insulation Temperature and Phase Changes Heating water and hurricane example Thermal Efficiency of Heat Engine Why thermal energy is "low-quality" energy!
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Motivation: Coal-fired Power Plant

Order the types of energy that occur in a coal-fired power plant from start-to-finish. (4-digit answer) (a) electrical (b) chemical (c) thermal (d) mechanical

What approximate percentage of the original energy in the coal is "lost to heat" in a typical power plant? (a) 25% (b) 60% (c) 95%

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What is Temperature?
The molecules in hot air move (a) slower (b) faster than in cold air.

Thermometer

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Celsius Scale
H2O Boils 100 C
212 F 40 C = 104 F

REALLY hot day

35 C = 95 F
30 C = 86 F 25 C = 77 F Room Temp.

20 C = 68 F
15 C = 59 F 10 C = 50 F

H2O Freezes 0 C

5 C = 41 F
0 C = 32 F 32 F Water Freezes

Which temperature scale is more sensitive? (a) Fahrenheit (b) Celsius

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Types of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Vibrations of atoms/molecules transfer heat. (Atoms/molecules do NOT move from one region to another). Convection: Air molecules move from hotter to colder regions. Radiation: Objects radiate infrared electromagnetic waves, where hotter objects radiate more energy.
Conduction

Convection

Radiation
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Types of Heat Transfer

Choose the type of heat transfer for each of the following examples: When the sun shines through windows into a room and the room temperature rises. When hot air rises to higher altitudes. When the Earth's atmosphere is warmed by the sun's rays.

(1) conduction (2) convection (3) radiation (3-digit answer)

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Heat Transfer and R-values

The R-value of a material is calculated from how it transfers heat.
R-values depend on the type and thickness of material. If the thickness doubles, then the R-value doubles. R-values of wall components are added together. To make a better insulated wall, you should build it with material that has a ________ R-value.

(a) higher

(b) lower

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Total R-value of a Wall

What is the total R-value for this wall? (2-digit answer)

Sheetrock R = 0.5

Plywood +

Shingles
R = 1.5

Insulation R = 20

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Temperature Changes for Water

Specific heat (heat capacity) measures how much heat energy is required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 C (or 1 K). It takes 1 kcal to heat 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C. It takes about 0.5 kcal to heat 1 kg of solid ice or gas vapor by 1 C. Which water phase has a higher heat capacity? (a) liquid (b) gas vapor

Which water phase will have a smaller temperature increase if you add 10 kcal of heat? (a) liquid (b) gas vapor

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Temperature Changes for Water

If you heated 0.3 kg of water (volume of a soda can) from 20 C to 100 C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)? Remember that it takes 1 kcal to heat 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C.

If you heated 4 kg of water (~1 gallon) using 160 kcal of heat energy, then what would be the temperature increase of the water (C)?

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Phase Changes

Watch this animation to review states of matter of water and the energy changes associated with changing state.

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Phase Changes for Water

H+

ICE:

Molecules vibrate in a crystal structure.

H+

Liquid: Molecules move but are still attracted to each other. Gas/Vapor: Molecules move fast and are far apart. Which phase is less dense? (a) Ice (b) Liquid
Attraction due to charged atoms.

Gas or Vapor

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Phase Changes for Water

What happens when ice cubes at 0 C are heated to 105 C? Select the steps in the order that they occur. (4-digit answer) (a) Ice at 0 C melts. (b) Water vapor heats up from 100 to 105 C. (c) Liquid water heats up from 0 C to 100 C. (d) Liquid water at 100 C evaporates and becomes a gas (vapor). Do you think each step above requires the same quantity of heat? (a) yes (b) no

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Phase Changes for Water

During phase changes, the temperature remains constant until enough energy has been added to complete a phase transition. Which phase change requires more energy? (a) ice-to-liquid (b) liquid-to-vapor
Temperature vs. Heat Added for 1 kg H2O
Liquid to Vapor Vapor

100 C
Temp.
Ice to Liquid Liquid

0 C 0 80 kcal 180 kcal

change = 540 kcal

Heat Added 720 kcal

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Phase & Temperature Changes for Water

Rank the energy changes for these steps from highest to lowest, i.e., the first choice will have the highest energy change. (3-digit answer) (a) Step 1: Ice at 0 C melts to become liquid at 0 C. (b) Step 2: Liquid water heats up from 0 C to 100 C. (c) Step 3: Liquid water at 100 C evaporates to vapor at 100 C.
Vapor

100 C
Step 1

Step 3 Step 2 Liquid Liquid to Vapor

0 C
0 80 kcal 180 kcal

Temp.

Ice to Liquid

change = 540 kcal

Heat Added 720 kcal

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Phase & Temperature Changes for Water

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C.
Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C.

How many kcal are required to evaporate 2 kg of liquid water at 100 C?

How many kcal are required to raise the temp. of 2 kg ice by 20 C?

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Water Evaporation and Condensation

The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of water is _______ the energy released when 1 kg of vapor condenses into liquid. Assume that the water is at the same initial and final temperatures. (a) less than (b) equal to (c) greater than

Evaporation = Humid Air

Condensation = Liquid droplets

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Phase & Temperature Changes for Cooling Water

A sample of water vapor at 110 C is cooled to 90 C.

The overall process is: (a) endothermic (b) exothermic In what ORDER do the steps occur for this process? (3-digit answer)
(a) cooling of liquid water (b) cooling of water vapor (c) condensation of water vapor to liquid water

Rank the ENERGY changes for these steps from highest to lowest.
(3-digit answer) (a) cooling of liquid water by 10 C (b) cooling of water vapor by 10 C (c) condensation of water vapor to liquid water

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Hurricanes: Water Evaporation and Condensation

Hurricane Wilma movie (2005)

What features of the hurricane did you see?

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Hurricanes: Necessary Conditions

red = 85 to 95 F

Hurricane Katrina (2005) WARM ocean water temperatures (> 80 F)! (stores ENERGY!!) LOW PRESSURE core (creates circulation of moist air).
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Hurricanes: Air Movement

Why does a hurricane have a spiral or rotating shape? (a) Coriolis force (due to Earth's rotation) (b) Meniscus force

Hurricane Animation of Air Movement

http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/Hurricanes_Noreasters/Hurricane_Anim_2.html

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Hurricanes = POWER!
Energy released via RAIN (condensation) In one day, assume about rain falls over a 400-mile radius (~20 trillion kg H2O). Multiply by the heat released during condensation (600 kcal/kg or 2500 kJ/kg) Equals power of about 600 TW !!! How many times greater is this hurricane power than worldwide power consumption? (a) 2x (b) 10x (c) 40x

600 TW !!!
Grey (1981) via Chris Landsea (NOAA) - PBS NOVAscienceNOW site
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Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Energy is conserved. Energy can change forms, but is neither created nor destroyed. 2. Disorder (or entropy) increases for a spontaneous process. Which is higher quality energy? (a) electrical (b) thermal Can 100 kJ of thermal energy be converted into 100 kJ of electricity using a "heat engine"? (a) yes (b) no
High Quality Energy Low Entropy

Low Quality Energy High Entropy

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Heat Engine and Maximum Efficiency

A heat engine extracts mechanical or electrical energy when material flows between hot and cold reservoirs.
Maximum efficiency e of heat engine:

Tcold e 1 Thot

LESS than 1
(or 100%)

Temp. in Kelvin (add 273 to temp. in C)

To increase the efficiency of a heat engine, the temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs should be: (a) smaller (b) larger

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Calculation of Maximum Efficiency

Calculate the maximum efficiency of an engine operating between 27 C and 227 C. (Format = 0.XX )

Tcold e 1 Thot
T in Kelvin (add 273 to C)

If this engine extracted a total energy of 200 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as mechanical energy?

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Heat Engine in a Car

Order the types of energy in a car engine from start-to-finish. (a) thermal (b) chemical (c) mechanical (3-digit answer)

Thermodynamic Losses = 62%

Accessories 2%

Only 15% of gas energy is used to move the car!

Air Resistance 5%

Transmission, Drivetrain 18%

Kinetic Energy 15%

Braking Losses 5%

Engine Friction = 18%

Friction = 3%

Tire Losses = 5%
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Energy "Losses" for Car

Rank from highest to lowest the following energy losses for an automobile: (3-digit answer) (a) Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine

(b) Air resistance OR braking OR tire resistance (all about equal)

(c) Engine friction
Thermo Losses = 62% Accessories 2% Transmission, Drivetrain 18% Air Resistance 5%

Kinetic Energy 15%

Braking Losses 5%

Engine Friction 18%

Tire losses 5%
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Car Energy Efficiency and Safety

Fuel efficiency usually requires lighter, less powerful cars. "Weight may be desirable in a steam roller, but nowhere else!" - H. Ford

BUT, what about safety? What is more important to your safety in a car crash? (a) weight of car (b) size of car

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Car Safety
Nationwide crash data confirm that SIZE confers SAFETY ! Therefore, we need moderately sized cars that are also lighter! What is size related to that is important in a crash? (a) stopping distance (b) braking efficiency (c) crumple zone
350 more fatalities

Extra fatalities per year

Reduce SIZE Same Weight

Same Size Reduce WEIGHT

600 fewer fatalities

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Weight Reduction of Cars

Lightweight carbon-composite crush structures can absorb 6 to 12 times as much energy per kg as steel! Have you ever been involved in a car accident that resulted in some body damage to the car? (a) yes (b) no

Damaged Golf

Undamaged McLaren

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Eco-Driving to Save Energy!

To increase gas mileage, drivers are starting to practice eco-driving.

Boost your gas mileage 20 to 40% by utilizing these techniques: Moderately accelerate from a stop. Try to avoid braking by coasting to traffic lights. Drive about 60 mph on the highway. (lower air resistance!)
Do you minimize braking by anticipating traffic stops and lifting up on the accelerator? (a) yes (b) no

Do you have other ideas about how to improve gas mileage?

Be a "feather foot" driver!!

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