CHAPTER 2 :

CELL STRUCTURE &

CELL ORGANISATION

2.1 Cell Structure & Function

2.2 Cell Organisation
PREPARED BY :
EN. MUHD FAZLI B. DOLLAH
BIOLOGY TEACHER
SBP INTEGRASI GOPENG
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE
& FUNCTION
Learning Outcomes :
2. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant
cell
3. Identify the cellular components of an
animal cell & a plant cell
4. State the functions of the cellular
components in an animal and a plant cell
5. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a
plant cell
6. Relate the density of certain organelles
with the functions of specific cells.
 HISTORY
 Robert Hooke (1665) was first
discovered the cell structure of
plant
 He examined fine slices of cork
with a primitive microscope
 He saw many ‘box-like’ structures ,
then he called ‘cells’, from Latin for
‘little rooms’.
 THE CELL THEORY
(Schleiden M & Schwann T)
 All living organisms are made up of
one or more cells
 New cells are formed by the division
of pre-existing cells
 Cells contain genetic material of an
organism which is passed from the
parent cells to daughter cells
 Cells are the basic unit of structure &
function in living things
 ORGANELLES  specialised
structures which are each
surrounded by its own
membrane & perform specific
function
 PLASMA
MEMBRANE
 Thin, semi-permeable
 Made of protein, lipid
 Controls the
movement of
substances in and out
of the cell
 Non-organelle
 CYTOPLASM
 Jelly-like substance
that contains water &
mineral salts
 Contains organelles
and food such as
carbohydrates
(glucose)
 Medium for metabolic
reactions
 Supplies the
substances required
by organelles
 Non-organelle
 CELL WALL
 Thick layer outside
the plasma
membrane
 Made up of cellulose,
fully permeable
 Maintains the shape
of the plant cells
 Provides mechanical
support
 Non-organelle
 NUCLEUS
 Spherical shape with
double membrane
 Contains nucleolus,
chromosomes,
nucleoplasm & nuclear
membrane
 Controls & regulates
all the activities of cell
 Contain the heredity
factors responsible for
the traits
 RIBOSOME
 Small particles
consisting of RNA
 Exists freely in the
cytoplasm or on the
surface of the
endoplasmic
reticulum
 Synthesis of protein
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 A system of membrane-
enclosed tubules closely
packed together and
continuous with the nuclear
membrane
 RER has ribosome, SER
does not have
 Transport system for
protein & lipids within the
cell
 RER transport protein to
other part of cell
 SER stimulates the
synthesis of lipids &
cholesterol & transport
within the cell
 GOLGI APPARATUS
 Vacuolar region
surrounded by a complex
meshwork of vesicles
budding off at its end
 Received protein & lipids
from ER & modify them to
form specific secretion
such as enzymes &
hormones
 Pack the secretions
formed into secreting
vesicles & transport them
to plasma membrane to
be secreted
 Controls the secretory
activity of cells
 VACUOLE
 Filled with cell sap,
surrounded by semi-
permeable
membrane called the
tonoplast
 Contain water, sugar
& dissolved minerals
 Maintain turgidity of
cells in plants
MITOCHONDRI
A
 Rod-shape with a
double membrane
 Outer membrane is
smooth, inner
membrane is folded to
form cristae
 Known as ‘power-
house’ of the cell
 Releases energy as it
is the site for aerobic
respiration
CHLOROPLAST
 Disc-shape organelle
with a double
membrane
 Consist of an orderly
arrangement of grana
within the stroma.
Granum contains
chlorophyll
 Site of photosynthesis
 Trapped light energy
and change it into
chemical energy
 LYSOSOMES
 Membrane-bound
vesicles found in animal
cells
 Contain enzymes which
control breakdown of
protein & lipids
 Contain enzymes that
digest aged or defective
cell components or
materials taken in by the
cell from its
environments such as
food particles or
bacteria.
CENTRIOLES
 A pair of
small
cylindrical
structures
(microtubule
s)

 Form
spindle fibre
 COMPARE &
CONTRAST
ANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL

A plasma membrane surrounding the

cytoplasm
Both contain nucleus & cytoplasm

Both
contain organelles such as
mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus &
ribosomes
 ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELL
Smaller than plant SIZE Larger than animal
cell cell
Irregular shape SHAPE Often regular in
shape
Absent CELL WALL Present
Absent CHLOROPLAST Present
No large vacuoles. If VACUOLES Large central
present, small & vacuole filled with
numerous. cell sap
In a form of glycogen FOOD STORAGE In a form of starch
in liver & muscle
tissues
Present CENTRIOLES Absent
Some animal cell CILIA & FLAGELLA Absent
have cilia or flagella
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
STRUCTURE OF AN ANIMAL CELL
& A PLANT CELL
 The number of specific organelles in
a cell varies on the type of cell and its
function.
 Active cell  many mitochondria to
provide enough energy for its
activities. Eg. : sperm cells, flight
muscle cell (insects & birds)
 Cell in meristems of plant shoot &
root
 Green plants  more chloroplasts to
 EXERCISE 2.1
1. What are the organelle structures of a
cell?
2. What are the functions of each structure
describe above?