UNIT-2 NETWORK ANALYSIS

2.1 KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL):It states that the algebraic sum of all currents entering a node is zero. Mathematically:

Currents are positive if entering a node Currents are negative if leaving a node. Example:

Applying Kirchhoff's current law: I1 + I2 + I 3 + I 4 = 0

(the negative sign in I2 indicates that I2 has a magnitude of 3A and is flowing in the direction opposite to that indicated by the arrow) Substituting: 5 - 3 + I3 + 2 = 0 Therefore, I3 = - 4A (ie 4A leaving node)

2.2 KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):It states that the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any loop, open or closed, is zero. Mathematically

Example:

Going round the loop in the direction of the current, I, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law gives: 10- 2I - 3I = 0

- 2I and - 3I are negative, since they are voltage drops i.e. represent a decrease in potential on proceeding round the loop in the direction of I. For the same reason + 10V is positive as it is a voltage rise or increase in potential. Concluding: 5 I = 10 Therefore, I = 2A

2.3 Loop Analysis: Loop analysis is systematic method of network analysis. It is a general method and can be applied to any electrical network, howsoever complicated it may be. It is based on writing KVL equations for independent loops. A loop is a closed path in a network. A node or a junction is a point in the network where three or more elements have a common connection. Before the loop analysis can be applied to a network, we must first check that it has only voltage sources (independent or dependent). Any current source must be transformed into its equivalent voltage source.
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Example:-

Find the currents i1 and i2 in the circuit given below.

Solution : Applying KVL to the two loops,

and

Example
Find a single voltage source equivalent of the following circuit.

Solution : We first replace the current source by its equivalent voltage source. We then apply Thevenins Theorem.

Now Applying KVL, we get 16 2 I 32 4 I 6 I 36 0

12 I 12 0 I 1 A VPQ 36 6 I 36 6 42 V
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To find Thevenins equivalent resistance, we reduce the network as shown.

Equivalent voltage source is

To find Thevenins equivalent resistance, we reduce the network as shown.

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2.4 Mesh Analysis: Mesh is a loop which contains no other loop within it. Mesh analysis is applicable only to a planar network. But most of the networks we shall need to analyze are planar. Once a circuit has been drawn in planar form, it often looks like a multi-paned window. Each pane is a mesh. Meshes provide a set of independent equations. By definition, a mesh-current is that current which flows around the perimeter of a mesh. It is indicated by a curved arrow that almost closes on itself. Branch-currents have a physical identity. They can be 11 measured.

Mesh-currents are fictitious. The mesh analysis not only tell us the minimum number of unknown currents, but it also ensures that the KVL equations obtained are independent. EXAMPLE:-

Solution:Now Applying KVL, we get

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Resistance Matrix
Mesh current matrix Source matrix

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Applying Crammers rule :

The current in 3-ohm resistor is I1 I2 = 6 4 = 2A

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Example: Three-mesh Network Write the three equations for the three meshes and put them in a matrix form.

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Solution:- Now Applying KVL, we get

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Self-resistance of mesh 1 Mutual resistance between mesh 1 and 2.

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For The Resistance Matrix

It is symmetrical about the major diagonal, as R12 = R21, R13 = R31, etc. All the elements on the major diagonal have positive values. The off-diagonal elements have negative values. The mutual resistance between two meshes will be zero, if there is no resistance common to them. 18

Mesh Analysis Limitations: It is applicable only to those planar networks which contain only independent voltage sources. If there is a practical current source, it can be converted to an equivalent practical voltage source. 2.5 Planar Network: If a network can be drawn on sheet of paper without crossing lines, it is said to be planar. EXAMPLE: Is it a planar network ?

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 Yes, it is. Because it can be drawn in a plane, as shown in the figure.

EXAMPLE:This is definitely non-planar network.

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2.6 Procedure for Mesh Analysis:1. Make sure that the network is planar. 2. Make sure that it contains only independent voltage sources. 3. Assign clockwise mesh currents. 4. Write mesh equations in matrix form by inspection. An element on the principal diagonal is the self-resistance of the mesh. These elements are all positive. An element off the major diagonal is negative (or zero), and represents the mutual resistance. 5. Check the symmetry of resistance matrix about the major diagonal. 6. An element of the voltage source column matrix on the right side represents the algebraic sum of the voltage 21

sources that produce current in the same direction as the assumed mesh current. 7. Solve the equations to determine the unknown mesh currents, using Cramers rule. 8. Determine the branch currents and voltages. Example: Determine the currents in various resistances of the network shown.

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Writing the mesh equations by inspection,

Solving, we get I1 = 2.55 A,

I2 = 3.167 A
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Example:-Find the current drawn from the source in the

network, using mesh analysis.

Solution:-

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