Notches

Notch is a opening provided in the side of the tank such that the liquid surface in the tank is below the top edge of the opening.

Types

Rectangular Notch. Triangular Notch. Trapezoidal Notch Parabolic Notch Stepped Notch.

Object

To calibrate a V-notch

Theory

The discharge Q flowing over notch is given by:

Q = Cdx8/15x2gtan/2xH5/2 = CdxKxH5/2 Where is angle of notch, H is head of notch, Cd is coefficient of discharge and K=(8/15)(2g)tan/2

Flow through rectangular or triangular notch

Working

Consider a rectangular sharp crested weir or notch provided in a channel carrying water. Let l be the length of the crest of notch and h be the height of water surface above its crest, which is the head causing the flow over the notch. As the water flow over the notch, the surface of water over the crest and immediately u/s of it becomes curved.

Working

The head H above the crest is therefore measured at a certain distance u/s of the notch, where the water surface may be assumed to be unaffected by the curvature effect. The head H above the crest should be measured on the u/s of the notch at a distance of 4to 5 times the maximum head (Hmax) above the crest.

Experimental setup

The V-notch is fixed in a steel or masonry flume( 2m long, 0.4m wide and 0.4m deep) to which the water is supplied from overhead reservoir through a pipe (nearly 225mmin dia). The water reaching the notch should be calm and still, i.e. without surface disturbances and without velocity of approach. To achieve this objective, the water is made to pass through baffle walls before it approaches the notch. A hook gauge is used to measure the head of water over the notch and it is placed in an isolated chamber so as to measure a static head free from any fluctuations in water level due to ripples on the water surface. The steel or masonry collecting tank is used to measure the discharge flowing over the notch.

Notches

Procedure
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

Initially let the water stand to the vertex of v-notch. Note the gauge reading for Q equal to 0. (col.2) Close the sluice gates of all channels carrying water out of collecting tank. Open the delivery valve to allow a constant discharge to flow over vnotch. Wait for sometime for water level to become constant in its measuring chamber and note it in (col.3) Now take initial and final readings (col.4 and 5)of the water levels in the collecting tank below after a lapse of suitable known time t. (col.6) Open the sluice gate of channel no.1. Repeat the above procedure for seven sets of discharges.

Calculations
1. 2. 3.

Calculate the discharge Q as A. (col.6-col.5)/t Calculate the constant K of the notch. Determine the head over V-notch as the difference between final reading and initial reading of head over V-notch. Col.4 = col.3 col.2 The value of H5/2 is now find out (col.9)and coefficient of discharge is then computed. (col.10) Cd = Q/KH5/2 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the calculated values of Cd for different discharges as the final values of Cd.

4.

5.

Formula used

Q=K.Hn For Rectangular Notch :K= 2Cd l(2g) 3 where n=3/2 For Triangular Notch K= 8Cd.2g.tan/2 15 where n=5/2

Observation
Angle of V-notch Angle of collecting tank A = = m2

S.No.

Head reading

Discharge reading

Discharge Q

H5/2

Cd

Initial m

Final m

H m

Initial m

Final m

Time m

m3/s

10

Presentation of result

Draw a graph between Q and H5/2 which should confirm to a straight line, passing through a point of Q= 0,H=0. it shows thereby that the value of Cd is constant at all heads and discharges. Also find the values of Cd from the graph Cd = Q/K H5/2, i.e. slope of straight line divided by V-notch constant K. Coefficient for V-notch Cd =

Precautions

Note that the final gauge reading over notch is noted when the water level over it has attained a constant value. Throughout one set of readings for a particular discharge, the delivery valve should not be touched. Moreover, if the supply is from a overhead tank, the overflow from the tank should be start before experiment is started.

Viva - voice
1.
2. 3.

4. 5.

What is the use of V-notch? What are its advantages over a rectangular notch ? How will you design a V-notch suitable for measuring small discharges very accurately ? Why is the gauge is not installed vertically over the notch instead of being installed in a suitable gauge chamber ? What is the use of baffle wall ? How will you ascertain the direction of flow of water over a notch just by seeing the beveling of its edges ? Justify your answer.