SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bones - specialized form of connective tissue connected into a skeleton Skeleton - gives shape, support, protects vital organs, provides attachment points for muscles, ligaments, tendons,enables movements Osteology - branch of science
Ossification - continues untill maturity

Bones - specialized form of connective tissue

Ossification- continues untill maturity

Yellow marrow - mainly formed of fatty tissue Red marrow - hematopoietic- bloodforming containing red blood - in adults most has disappeared

According to shape

Bone classification

Long bones are longer than they are wide; they consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends (e.g.: Femur, Humerus, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges ) Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone (e.g: Tarsals, Carpals) Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. (e.g. Scapula, Sternum, Cranium, Pelvis) Irregular bones are those that are not in any of the above three categories. They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. (e.g.:vertebrae)

According to texture:
human skeleton. hard, outer layer dense bone, contains inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces that contain the osteocytes

compact bone - makes up 80 percent of the

cancellated/ cancellous bone

inner, spongy (having porous structure) of a low density and strength

Bone formation is balanced between the work of

Osteoblasts - immature bone cells Osteoclasts large phagocytic cells Healthy bone: constantly being reabsorbed and repaired

Parts of the bone

Diaphysis (pl. Diaphyses) - shaft: long, slender part, portion of the long bone between the wider ends Epiphyses (ends of bones) - usually wider than the shafts Periosteum a specialised connective tissue covering all bones of the body, consists of an outer, tough fibrous layer and deeper osteogenic (bone-forming) layer

Skeleton: axial and appendicular

Axial: bones of the skull, hyoid (neck) bones, vertebral column, ribs, sternum Appendicular : bones of the limbs
(forelimb and hindlimb)

Vertebral column (backbone)

Supports the skull, thorax, protects spinal cord, Stiffens the trunk Made up of a number of vertebrae Vertebral formulas - the number of each type of vertebrae in different species 5 different types of vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Vertebral formulas
Cervical : 7 vertebrae ( 1st atlas) Thoracic: usually 13 vertebrae (14, 15 in porcine, 18 in equine) Lumbar : 6 -7 vertebrae Sacral : sacrum - one bone - resulting from the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae Coccygeal 2-23 vertebrae

Vertebra (bony segments of the vertebral column : body and arch) Between the vertebral bodies - intervertebral disks made of cartilage: shock absorbers