Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1) Organization - multicellular 2) Responsiveness 3) Growth - cell number, size, or amount of substances (nutrients/fat deposition) 4) Development and differentiation - shift from generalized cells to specialized cells 5) Reproduction 6) Metabolism and Excretion (rid of waste products)
Anatomy
Greek:
-ana (apart) -tome (to cut/dissection)
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology Histology
Anatomical Variation
No two humans are exactly alike
70% most common structure 30% anatomically variant variable number of organs
missing muscles, extra vertebrae, renal arteries
variation in organ locations situs solitus situs inversus (things are flipped) dextrocardia
Physiology
The branch of knowledge which studies how structures of a living organism function in order to maintain life
Approaches to Physiology
Teleological approach
Is thinking about the why
Why do RBCs transport oxygen?
because cells need oxygen and RBCs bring it to them
Mechanistic approach
Thinking about physiological processes are the how
How do RBCs transport oxygen?
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules contained in RBCs
Systemic physiology
(e.g. cardiovascularPhysiology)
Pathological physiology
Physiological Variation
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity Typical physiological values
reference male
22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity consumes 2800 kcal/day
reference female
same as male except 128 lbs and 2000kcal/day
Overmedication of eldery
Organ systems
Systems ( 11 )
Integumentary, Nervous, Skeletal, Endocrine, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive
Organs
Heart, lung, pancreas, stomach, brain, etc.
Cellular Tissues
Organism
Levels of Organization
Homeostasis
The process of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment within an organism
(body temperature, heart rate , blood glucose levels, etc..)
Set Point
Normal Range
Equilibrium
A state of rest or equal balance
All biologic phenomena act to adjust: there are no biologic actions other than adjustments. Adjustment is another name for equilibrium. Equilibrium is the universal, or that which has nothing external to derange it.
Charles Fort
Homeostasis does not mean equilibrium when concerned with the entire body i.e. the ECF and ICF usually exist in a state that might be best called a dynamic disequilibrium
Successful compensation
homeostasis reestablished
Failure to compensate
Pathophysiology
illness/disease death
Tonic Activity
Negative Feedback
Response
Decrease stimulus
Response
More stimulus
blood clotting
Homeostatic Control
Body predicts that a change is about to occur and starts the response in of the change e.g. salivation
Theodore Schwann concluded, about two centuries later, that all animal tissues are made of cells Louis Pasteur established beyond any reasonable doubt that cells arise only from other cells
refuting the idea of spontaneous generation living things arise from non-living matter
The Cell
Please review the function of organelles in Fig 3.4 Cilia cilia Cytoplasm cytoplasm
microvilli Microvilli
Secretory vesicles Smooth ER Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
A typical cell
Is surrounded by extracellular fluid, which is the interstitial fluid of the tissue Has an outer boundary called the cell membrane, plasma membrane, or plasmalemma
Cell Membrane
Where does most physiology occur?
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Fluid mosaic model phospholipids swim about the bilayers of the cell membrane
Phospholipid Molecule
choline
PO4glycerol Tail Non-polar Hydrophobic (water-repelling)
C,H,O
Glycolipids
Carbohydrate-attached lipids. Function:
Provide energy Serve as markers for marker for cellular recognition (markers that can tell if a cell belongs or not)
Glycoproteins
Complex sugars
chitin, glycogen, cellulose , starch, dextrin (polysaccharides high in energy)
Glycoproteins
Function:
orient and anchor membrane proteins serve as a type of recognition particles
ABO blood groups determined by oligosaccharides on surface of RBC (antigens)
Membrane Proteins
1) Integral membrane protein normally spans membrane - transmembrane protein Crosses the membrane 2) Peripheral membrane protein - bound to the inner or outer surface (two com together to make tight junctions 3) Anchoring proteins (junction proteins)
attach cell membrane to structures : cytoskeleton attach cell membrane to other membranes: intercalated discs These proteins can degrade when metabolized
Membrane proteins
5) Receptor proteins Bind to ligands , causes cells to respond Ex: Insulin, antigen, glucose, neurotransmitters, serotonin, epinephrine, ect. 6) Carrier proteins transport solutes across membranes - Includes uniport, symport, and antiport ATP dependent - Na+ K- exchange protein ATP independent- neurotransmitter transporters NEVER FORMS AND OPEN CHANNEL
Types of gating: