Visualization and Design

Engineering Graphics Stephen W. Crown Ph.D.

Objective

How to represent a 3-D object effectively on a 2-D drawing surface (pictorials) How to visualize a 3-D object using solid primitives

Overview
Sketching Review Pictorials

Perspective Parallel projection

Other Visualization Tools

Solid primitives Miscellaneous

Sketching (review)

Definition
A rough freehand drawing used to document, communicate, and refine ideas developed primarily in the ideation phase of the design process

Follows standard practices A developed skill Should be the first step of any CAD or mechanical drawing (including homework assignments)

Pictorial Sketches

Definition: A sketch developed for ease of visualization that shows an objects height, width, and depth in a single view Particularly useful for non-technical audiences
Assembly drawings Marketing

Helpful in the ideation phase of the design process

How we picture objects in our mind How we visualize spatial relationships

Pictorial Sketches

Parallel Projection
Parallel lines are always drawn parallel Easy to draw Often appears distorted Two common types
Oblique Pictorials Isometric Pictorials

Perspective Projection
Conveys information about distance and size Not as common as parallel projection

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Oblique Pictorials
The simplest pictorial to sketch Surfaces which are parallel to the front face are undistorted as in a multiview drawing
Circular features should be placed in the front view if possible Draw the front face first

Lines which are perpendicular to the front face are drawn at an angle of 30 to 45o

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Oblique Pictorials
Cavalier Oblique
Depth is drawn full size Object looks distorted (depth is exaggerated)

Cabinet Oblique
Depth is drawn to 1/2 of full size Depth appears more accurate (2/3 is best)

Circular features which are not parallel to the front plane appear elliptical

Axonometric Pictorials
Trimetric no equal angles gives the most visually pleasing view Dimetric Two equal angles Isometric Three equal angles (120o) Height drawn along vertical axis Width and depth drawn at 30o to horizontal axis Other orientations (reversed and long axis)

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Isometric Pictorials
Most common Surfaces on all principle planes are distorted
All circles appear as ellipses Perpendicular lines are drawn at 60 or 1200 angles

Height drawn along vertical axis Width and depth drawn at 30o to horizontal axis

Parallel Projection Pictorials

Isometric Pictorials
Begin drawing by blocking in height, width and depth of entire object. Continue to block in smaller features Add curved surfaces last
circles appear as ellipses lines tangent to arcs locate the edge of curved surfaces

Isometric grid paper is often helpful

follow direction of axis and count intersections use tracing paper or grid paper with light lines

Isometric Projection and Isometric Drawings

Rotate about the Z axis 45o Rotate about the X axis by an angle of q=sin-1(2/3) An isometric projection is a true size projection length along projected axes is L*(2/3) An isometric drawing is drawn full scale along axes objects are increased in size by a factor of (3/2)

Perspective Projection Pictorials

The most difficult to draw The most visually accurate The use of vanishing points

One point
Lines of height and width are parallel Like a perspective oblique

Two points
Only lines representing height are parallel most common perspective view

Three points
No lines are parallel

Other Visualization Tools

Solid primitives
Box (Parallelepiped) Cylinder Cone Sphere Wedge Extrude a 2-D shape Revolve a curve about an axis

Other Visualization Tools

Operations on solid primitives

Add assembly welding Subtract drilling milling/machining Intersection only regions where both part are in common are retained helpful to produce mating parts

Other Visualization Tools

Right hand rule

Your thumb, index finger, and middle finger represent the X, Y, and Z axis respectively. Point your thumb in the positive axis direction and your fingers wrap in the direction of positive rotation

Other Visualization Tools

Always rotate parts using full 90 degree rotations Number vertices in different views of multiview and isometric drawing Practice