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Solution:
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Inrush Pattern
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Internal Fault Pattern
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Basic Operation:
if the second harmonic drops magnitude-wise
below 20%, the phase angle of the complex
second harmonic ratio is close to either +90 or
-90 degrees during inrush conditions
the phase angle may not display the 90-degree
pattern if the second harmonic ratio is above
some 20%
if the second harmonic ratio is above 20% the
restraint is in effect, if it is below - the restraint
and its duration depend on the phase angle
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
0.1
0 OPERATE
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
New restraint
characteristic
The characteristic is
dynamic
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
I
2
/ I
1
(real)
I
2
/
I
1
(
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
)
Isochrone contours, cycles
0
.
1
0
.
1
0.1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Effective restraint characteristic:
time (cycles) the restraint is kept
vs. complex second harmonic ratio
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: New I nrush Restraint
Effective restraint characteristic:
time for which the restraint is kept
vs. complex second harmonic ratio
3D View
Power Management
The Universal Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Benefits
Up to six windings supported
Improved transformer auto-configuration
Improved dual-slope differential
characteristic
Improved second harmonic restraint
Benefits of the UR platform (back-up
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogic
TM
,
fast peer-to-peer communications)
Universal Relay Family
B30
Bus Differential Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Features
Configuration:
up to 5 feeders with bus voltage
up to 6 feeders without bus voltage
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Features
Protection:
Biased differential protection
CT saturation immunity
typical trip time < 15 msec
dynamic 1-out-of-2 or 2-out-of-2 operation
Unbiased differential protection
CT trouble
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Features
Metering:
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS
active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor (if voltage available)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: CT saturation problem
During an external fault
the fault current may be supplied by a number
of sources
the CTs on the faulted circuit may saturate
Saturation of the CTs creates a current
unbalance and violates the differential principle
The conventional restraining current may not be
sufficient to prevent maloperation
CT saturation detection and other operating
principles enhance the through-fault
stability
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
External
fault: ideal
CTs
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DI F differential
RES restraining
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
External
fault: ratio
mismatch
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
External
fault: CT
saturation
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
Internal
fault: high
current
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
Internal
fault: low
current
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DI F-RES trajectory
External
fault:
extreme CT
saturation
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Operating principles
Combination of
Low-impedance biased differential
Directional (phase comparison)
Adaptively switched between
1-out-of-2 operating mode
2-out-of-2 operating mode
by
Saturation Detector
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
low currents
saturation possible
due to dc offset
saturation very
difficult to detect
more security
required
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DIF
1
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
large currents
quick saturation
possible due to
large magnitude
saturation easier
to detect
security required
only if saturation
detected
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
DIF
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
DIF
1
DIR
SAT
DIF
2
O
R
A
N
D
O
R
TRIP
A
N
D
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
1-out-of-2 (DIF) if no saturation
2-out-of-2 (DIF+DIR) if saturation
detected
2-out-of-2
(DIF+DIR)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
DIF
1
DIR
SAT
DIF
2
O
R
A
N
D
O
R
TRIP
A
N
D
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
Internal faults - all currents approximately
in phase
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
External faults - one current approximately
out of phase
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
Check all the angles
Select the maximum current contributor and
check its position against the sum of all the
remaining currents
Select major current contributors and check
their positions against the sum of all the
remaining currents
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
"contributor"
(phasor)
differential less
"contributor"
(phasor)
BLOCK
TRIP
TRIP
BLOCK
BLOCK
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
BLOCK
OPERATE
BLOCK
BLOCK
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
real
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
External Fault Conditions
OPERATE
BLOCK
A
LIM
-A
LIM
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
BLOCK
BLOCK
BLOCK
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
real
|
|
.
|
\
|
p D
p
I I
I
imag
I
p
I
D
- I
p
Internal Fault Conditions
OPERATE
OPERATE
BLOCK
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
DIF
1
DIR
SAT
DIF
2
O
R
A
N
D
O
R
TRIP
A
N
D
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
differential-restraining trajectory
dI/dt
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
K
2
K
1
B
2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r
1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r
2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r
3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r
4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-40
-20
0
20
40
F
e
e
d
e
r
5
Time, sec
Sample External
Fault (Feeder 1)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
[
A
]
Restraining [A]
12 3 4 5
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 27
28
29 30
31 32
33
Phase A (Infms)
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
Analysis of the DIF-
RES trajectory enables
the B30 to detect CT
saturation
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r
1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r
2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r
3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r
4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-20
0
20
F
e
e
d
e
r
5
Time, sec
Sample External
Fault (Feeder 4) -
severe CT saturation
after 1.5msec
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
[
A
]
Restraining [A]
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
16
17 18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Phase A (Infms)
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
dI/dt principle enables
the B30 to detect CT
saturation
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
NORMAL
SAT := 0
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
EXTERNAL
FAULT / CT SAT
SAT := 1
DIF=1
DIF=0
for 100msec
I
DIF
< K
1
*I
RES
for 200msec
"saturation"
condition
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
Operation:
The SAT flag WILL NOT set during internal
faults whether or not the CT saturates
The SAT flag WILL SET during external faults
whether or not the CT saturates
The SAT flag is NOT used to block the relay
but to switch to 2-out-of-2 operating principle
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Benefits
Sensitive settings possible
Very good through-fault stability
Fast operation (less than 3/4 of a cycle)
Benefits of the UR platform (back-up
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogic
TM
,
fast peer-to-peer communication)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Extensions
6 feeders
6 feeders
6 feeders
fast
communication
Universal Relay Family
F60
Feeder Management Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Features
Protection:
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOC & TOC
Phase TOC with Voltage Restraint/Supervision
Negative sequence IOC & TOC
Phase directional supervision
Neutral directional overcurrent
Negative sequence directional overcurrent
Phase undervoltage & overvoltage
Underfrequency
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral supervision)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Features
Control:
Manually Control up to Two Breakers
Autoreclosure & Synchrocheck
FlexLogic
Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and
apparent power, power factor, frequency
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Phase Directional Element
Directional element
controls the RUN
command of the
overcurrent element
(emulation of
torque control)
Memory voltage
polarization held for
1 second
VBG VCG
VAG(Faulted)
IA
IA = operating current
Phasors for Phase A Polarization:
ECA
set @ 30
o
VPol = VBC* (1/_ECA) = polarizing voltage
BLOCK
ECA = Element Characteristic Angle @ 30
o
Fault angle
set @ 60
o
Lag
VAG(Unfaulted)
VBC
VBC
VPol
+90
o
-90
o
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Neutral Directional Element
Single protection element providing both
forward and reverse looking IOC
Independent settings for the forward and
reverse elements
Voltage, current or dual polarization
Fast and secure operation due to the energy
based comparator and positive sequence
restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Limitations of Fast Ground Directional
IOCs:
Spurious zero- and negative-sequence voltages
and currents may appear transiently due to the
dynamics of digital measuring algorithms
Magnitude of such spurious signals may reach
up to 25% of the positive sequence quantities
Phase angles of such spurious signals are
random factors
Combination of the above may cause
maloperations
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
time [sec]
Sample three-phase
fault currents
Power Management
The Universal Relay
-10 -5 0 5 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
Real
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Sample three-phase
fault currents (phasors)
Pre-fault phasors
(symmetrical)
Fault phasors
(symmetrical)
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
Power Management
The Universal Relay
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
time [sec]
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Sample three-phase
currents (symmetrical
components)
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Solutions to the problem of spurious zero
and negative sequence quantities:
do not allow too sensitive settings
apply delay
new approach:
energy based comparator
positive sequence restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Operating power is calculated as a
function of:
magnitudes of the operating and polarizing
signals
the angle between the operating and polarizing
signals in conjunction with the characteristic
and limit angles
Restraining power is calculated as a
product of magnitudes of the operating and
restraining signals
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
The powers are averaged over certain
short period of time creating the operating
and restraining energies
The element operates when
Both forward and reverse operating
energies are calculated
The factor K is lower for the reverse
looking element to ensure faster operation
Energy g Restrainin Energy Operating > K
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [sec]
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
time [sec]
Reverse looking
element
Forward looking
element
Restraining Energy
Restraining Energy
Operating Energy
Operating Energy
Despite spurious
negative sequence
neither the forward nor
the reverse looking
element maloperate
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
Positive Sequence Restraint:
Classical Negative Sequence IOC:
Positive Sequence Restrained Negative
Sequence IOC:
K
1
= 1/8 for negative sequence IOC
K
1
= 1/16 for zero sequence IOC
PICKUP I >
2
PICKUP I K I >
1 1 2
Power Management
The Universal Relay
F60 Feeder Relay: Negative Sequence Directional Element
Single protection element providing both
forward and reverse looking IOC
Independent settings for the forward and reverse
elements
Mixed operating mode available:
Negative Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence
Directional
Zero Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence Directional
Energy based comparator and positive sequence
restraint
Power Management
The Universal Relay
Power Management
The Universal Relay