Fundamentals of Bus Bar Protection: GE Multilin

Fundamentals of Bus Bar Protection
GE Multilin
Outline
Bus arrangements
Bus components Bus protection techniques CT Saturation Application Considerations: High impedance bus differential relaying Low impedance bus differential relaying Special topics
2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13
Single bus - single breaker
Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels No operating flexibility Fault on the bus trips all circuit breakers
Multiple bus sections - single breaker with bus tie
Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels Limited operating flexibility

Double bus - single breaker with bus tie
Transmission and distribution voltage levels Breaker maintenance without circuit removal Fault on a bus disconnects only the circuits being connected to that bus
Main and transfer buses
Increased operating flexibility A bus fault requires tripping all breakers Transfer bus for breaker maintenance
Double bus single breaker w/ transfer bus
Very high operating flexibility Transfer bus for breaker maintenance

Double bus - double breaker
High operating flexibility Line protection covers bus section between two CTs Fault on a bus does not disturb the power to circuits
Breaker-and-a-half bus
Used on higher voltage levels More operating flexibility Requires more breakers Middle bus sections covered by line or other equipment protection
Ring bus
Higher voltage levels High operating flexibility with minimum breakers Separate bus protection not required at line positions
Bus components
breakers
Low Voltage circuit breakers
SF6, EHV & HV -
11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin Synchropuff 17-Feb-13
Disconnect switches & auxiliary contacts
Current Transformers
Gas (SF6) insulated current transformer Oil insulated current transformer (35kV up to 800kV)
Bushing type (medium voltage switchgear)
Protection Requirements
High bus fault currents due to large number of circuits connected:
CT saturation often becomes a problem as CTs may not be sufficiently rated for worst fault condition case large dynamic forces associated with bus faults require fast clearing times in order to reduce equipment damage
False trip by bus protection may create serious problems:

service interruption to a large number of circuits (distribution and subtransmission voltage levels) system-wide stability problems (transmission voltage levels)
With both dependability and security important, preference is always given to security
Bus Protection Techniques

Interlocking schemes Overcurrent (unrestrained or unbiased) differential Overcurrent percent (restrained or biased) differential Linear couplers High-impedance bus differential schemes Low-impedance bus differential schemes
Interlocking Schemes
Blocking scheme typically used Short coordination time required Care must be taken with possible saturation of feeder CTs Blocking signal could be sent over communications ports (peer-to-peer) This technique is limited to simple one-incomer distribution buses
Overcurrent (unrestrained) Differential

Differential signal formed by summation of all currents feeding the bus CT ratio matching may be required On external faults, saturated CTs yield spurious differential current Time delay used to cope with CT saturation Instantaneous differential OC function useful on integrated microprocessor-based relays
Linear Couplers
ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
40 V
10 V
10 V
0V
20 V
0V
59
External Fault
If = 8000 A 2000 A 2000 A 0A 4000 A
Linear Couplers
Esec= Iprim*Xm - secondary voltage on relay terminals IR= Iprim*Xm /(ZR+ZC) minimum operating current
where, Iprim primary current in each circuit Xm liner coupler mutual reactance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz ) ZR relay tap impedance ZC sum of all linear coupler self impedances
If = 8000 A Internal Bus
Fault
40 V 0V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V
59
0A
2000 A
2000 A
0A
4000 A
Linear Couplers
Fast, secure and proven Require dedicated air gap CTs, which may not be used for any other protection Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses The scheme uses a simple voltage detector it does not provide benefits of a microprocessor-based relay (e.g. oscillography, breaker failure protection, other functions)
High Impedance Differential

Operating signal created by connecting all CT secondaries in parallel
CTs must all have the same ratio o Must have dedicated CTs
o
Overvoltage element operates on voltage developed across resistor connected in secondary circuit
o
Requires varistors or AC shorting relays to limit energy during faults
Accuracy dependent on secondary circuit resistance

o
Usually requires larger CT cables to reduce errors higher cost
Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable buses and offers no advanced functionality
Percent Differential
Percent characteristic used to cope with CT saturation and other errors Restraining signal can be formed in a number of ways No dedicated CTs needed Used for protection of reconfigurable buses possible
Low Impedance Percent Differential

Individual currents sampled by protection and summated digitally
o CT ratio matching done internally (no auxiliary CTs)
o Dedicated CTs not necessary
Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential characteristic during CT saturation Dynamic bus replica allows application to reconfigurable buses
o Done digitally with logic to add/remove current inputs from differential
computation o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
Low secondary burdens Additional functionality available

o Digital oscillography and monitoring of each circuit connected to bus zone o Time-stamped event recording o Breaker failure protection
Digital Differential Algorithm Goals

Improve the main differential algorithm operation o Better filtering o Faster response o Better restraint techniques o Switching transient blocking Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable bus bars Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable manner, especially for external faults Implement additional security to the main differential algorithm to prevent incorrect operation o External faults with CT saturation o CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)
Low Impedance Differential (Distributed)

Data Acquisition Units (DAUs) installed in bays Central Processing Unit (CPU) processes all data from DAUs Communications between DAUs and CPU over fiber using proprietary protocol Sampling synchronisation between DAUs is required Perceived less reliable (more hardware needed) Difficult to apply in retrofit applications
Low Impedance Differential (Centralized)

All currents applied to a single central processor No communications, external sampling synchronisation necessary Perceived more reliable (less hardware needed) Well suited to both new and retrofit applications.
CT Saturation
CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a number of factors o Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding resistance, saturation voltage) o Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays) o Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R) o Residual flux in CT core Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same manner as the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults End result is spurious differential current appearing in the summation of the secondary currents which may cause differential elements to operate if additional security is not applied
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains fairly symmetrical
With DC Offset
Waveform starts off being asymmetrical, then symmetrical in steady state
External Fault & Ideal CTs
t1 t0
Fault starts at t0 Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch errors thus produce no differential current
External Fault & Actual CTs
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0 Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some differential current (without CT saturation)
External Fault with CT Saturation

t2
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1 CT fully saturated at t2
CT saturation causes increasing differential current that may enter the differential element operate region.
Some Methods of Securing Bus Differential

Block the bus differential for a period of time (intentional delay)
o Increases security as bus zone will not trip when CT saturation is present
o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation or
evolving faults
Change settings of the percent differential characteristic (usually Slope 2)

o Improves security of differential element by increasing the amount of
spurious differential current needed to incorrectly trip o Difficult to explicitly develop settings (Is 60% slope enough? Should it be 75%?)
Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision

o Improves security by requiring all currents flow into the bus zone before
asserting the differential element o Easy to implement and test o Stable even under severe CT saturation during external faults
High-Impedance Bus Differential Considerations

High Impedance Voltage-operated Relay

External Fault 59 element set above max possible voltage developed across relay during external fault causing worst case CT saturation For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well above 59 element pickup) will develop across relay
High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay

Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs Application of high impedance differential relays with CTs of different ratios but ratio matching taps is possible, but could lead to voltage magnification. Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT does not exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.
High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay

Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs Use of auxiliary CTs to obtain correct ratio matching is also possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver enough voltage necessary to produce relay operation for internal faults.
Electromechanical High Impedance Bus Differential Relays

Single phase relays High-speed High impedance voltage sensing High seismic IOC unit
P -based High-Impedance Bus Differential Protection Relays
Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP
High Impedance Module for Digital Relays
RST = 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the current through the relay, and force it to the lower impedance CT windings. MOV Metal Oxide Varistor to limit the voltage to 1900 Volts 86 latching contact preventing the resistors from overheating after the fault is detected
High-Impedance Module + Overcurrent Relay
High Impedance Bus Protection - Summary

Fast, secure and proven Requires dedicated CTs, preferably with the same CT ratio and using full tap Can be applied to small buses Depending on bus internal and external fault currents, high impedance bus diff may not provide adequate settings for both sensitivity and security Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses Require voltage limiting varistor capable of absorbing significant energy May require auxiliary CTs Do not provide full benefits of microprocessor-based relay system (e.g. metering, monitoring, oscillography, etc.)
Low-Impedance Bus Differential Considerations

P-based Low-Impedance Relays

No need for dedicated CTs Internal CT ratio mismatch compensation Advanced algorithms supplement percent differential protection function making the relay very secure Dynamic bus replica (bus image) principle is used in protection of reconfigurable bus bars, eliminating the need for switching physically secondary current circuits Integrated Breaker Failure (BF) function can provide optimal tripping strategy depending on the actual configuration of a bus bar
Small Bus Applications

2-8 Circuit Applications
Up to 24 Current Inputs 4 Zones Zone 1 = Phase A Zone 2 = Phase B Zone 3 = Phase C Zone 4 = Not used Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay
Medium to Large Bus Applications

9-12 Circuit Applications
Relay 1 - 24 Current Inputs 4 Zones Zone 1 = Phase A (12 currents) Zone 2 = Phase B (12 currents) Zone 3 = Not used Zone 4 = Not used Relay 2 - 24 Current Inputs 4 Zones Zone 1 = Not used Zone 2 = Not used Zone 3 = Phase C (12 currents) Zone 4 = Not used
Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay
CB 11
CB 12
Large Bus Applications
87B phase A 87B phase B 87B phase C
Logic relay (switch status, optional BF)

Large Bus Applications

For buses with up to 24 circuits
Summing External Currents

Not Recommended for Low-Z 87B relays
Relay becomes combination of restrained and unrestrained elements In order to parallel CTs:
CT performance must be closely matched o Any errors will appear as differential currents Associated feeders must be radial o No backfeeds possible Pickup setting must be raised to accommodate any errors
Definitions of Restraint Signals

sum of
scaled sum of
geometrical average
maximum of
Sum Of vs. Max Of Restraint Methods

Sum Of Approach
More restraint on external faults; less sensitive for internal faults Scaled-Sum Of approach takes into account number of connected circuits and may increase sensitivity Breakpoint settings for the percent differential characteristic more difficult to set
Max Of Approach
Less restraint on external faults; more sensitive for internal faults Breakpoint settings for the percent differential characteristic easier to set Better handles situation where one CT may saturate completely (99% slope settings possible)
Bus Differential Adaptive Approach
Bus Differential Adaptive Logic Diagram
DIFL
DIR OR
AND OR 87B BIASED OP
SAT
DIFH
AND
Phase Comparison Principle

Internal Faults: All fault (large) currents are approximately in phase.
External Faults: One fault (large) current will be out of phase
No Voltages are required or needed
Secondary Current of Faulted Circuit (Severe CT Saturation)
Phase Comparison Principle Continued
CT Saturation
t2
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1 CT fully saturated at t2

CT Saturation Detector State Machine

NORMAL
SAT := 0 The differential current below the first slope for certain period of time saturation condition
EXTERNAL FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential characteristic entered
EXTERNAL FAULT & CT SATURATION
The differentialrestraining trajectory out of the differential characteristic for certain period of time
SAT := 1
CT Saturation Detector Operating Principles

The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during internal faults, regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate. The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during external faults, regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate. By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the relay to use the additional 87B DIR phase comparison for Region 2 The Saturation Detector WILL NOT Block the Operation of the Differential Element it will only Force 2-out-of-2 Operation
CT Saturation Detector - Examples

The oscillography records on the next two slides were captured from a B30 relay under test on a real-time digital power system simulator First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation (~1.5 msec of good CT performance) o SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP bus differential pickup o DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows out of zone), so even though bus differential picks up, no trip results Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation o BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR asserts o CT saturation does not block bus differential More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
CT Saturation Example External Fault

200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 0.06
~1 ms
current, A
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
time, sec
Despite heavy CT saturation the external fault current is seen in the opposite direction 60 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13
CT Saturation Internal Fault Example
Applying Low-Impedance Differential Relays for Busbar Protection

Basic Topics Configure physical CT Inputs Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica Calculating Bus Differential Element settings Advanced Topics Isolator switch monitoring for reconfigurable buses Differential Zone CT Trouble Integrated Breaker Failure protection
Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary rating and select Secondary rating. Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be assigned to a Signal Source that is used to define the Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Some relays define 1 p.u. as the maximum primary current of all of the CTs connected in the given Bus Zone
Per-Unit Current Definition - Example

Current Channel Primary Secondary Zone
CT-1 CT-2 CT-3 CT-4 CT-5 CT-6
F1
F2 F3
3200 A
2400 A 1200 A
1A
5A 1A
1
1 1
F4
F5 F6
3200 A
1200 A 5000 A
1A
5A 5A
2
2 2
For Zone 1, 1 p.u. = 3200 AP For Zone 2, 1 p.u. = 5000 AP

Configuration of Bus Zone

Dynamic Bus Replica associates a status signal with each current in the Bus Differential Zone Status signal can be any logic operand o Status signals can be developed in programmable logic to provide additional checks or security as required o Status signal can be set to ON if current is always in the bus zone or OFF if current is never in the bus zone CT connections/polarities for a particular bus zone must be properly configured in the relay, via either hardwire or software
Configuring the Bus Differential Zone

Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of the Differential Protection and CT Trouble Monitoring.
1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

o o o
CT Primary and Secondary values Both 5 A and 1 A inputs are supported by the UR hardware Ratio compensation done automatically for CT ratio differences up to 32:1
2. Configure AC Signal Sources 3. Configure Bus Zone with Dynamic Bus Replica
Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High Set (Unrestrained)
High Slope Low Slope High Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low Breakpoint
Calculating Bus Differential Settings

The following Bus Zone Differential element parameters need to be set:
o Differential Pickup o Restraint Low Slope
o Restraint Low Break Point

o Restraint High Breakpoint o Restraint High Slope o Differential High Set (if needed)
All settings entered in per unit (maximum CT primary in the zone) Slope settings entered in percent Low Slope, High Slope and High Breakpoint settings are used by the CT Saturation Detector and define the Region 1 Area (2-out-of-2 operation with Directional)
Calculating Bus Differential Settings Minimum Pickup

Defines the minimum differential current required for operation of the Bus Zone Differential element Must be set above maximum leakage current not zoned off in the bus differential zone May also be set above maximum load conditions for added security in case of CT trouble, but better alternatives exist
Calculating Bus Differential Settings Low Slope

Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents from IREST=0 to IREST=Low Breakpoint Setting determines the sensitivity of the differential element for low-current internal faults Must be set above maximum error introduced by the CTs in their normal linear operating mode Range: 15% to 100% in 1%. increments
Calculating Bus Differential Settings Low Breakpoint

Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will be biased according to the Low Slope setting Should be set to be above the maximum load but not more than the maximum current where the CTs still operate linearly (including residual flux) Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no significant saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
Calculating Bus Differential Settings High Breakpoint

Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be biased according to the High Slope setting Should be set to be below the minimum current where the weakest CT will saturate with no residual flux Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no significant saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
Calculating Bus Differential Settings High Slope

Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents IRESTHigh Breakpoint Setting determines the stability of the differential element for high current external faults Traditionally, should be set high enough to accommodate the spurious differential current resulting from saturation of the CTs during heavy external faults Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and speed as the relay detects CT saturation and applies the directional principle to prevent maloperation Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments
Calculating Unrestrained Bus Differential Settings

Defines the minimum differential current for unrestrained operation Should be set to be above the maximum differential current under worst case CT saturation Range: 2.00 to 99.99 p.u. in 0.01 p.u. increments Can be effectively disabled by setting to 99.99 p.u.
Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High Set (Unrestrained)
High Slope Low Slope High Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low Breakpoint
Reconfigurable Buses
Protecting re-configurable buses

Isolators
Reliable Isolator Closed signals are needed for the Dynamic Bus Replica In simple applications, a single normally closed contact may be sufficient For maximum safety:
o Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used o Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid combinations
(open-open, closed-closed) should be sorted out o Switching operations should be inhibited until bus image is recognized with 100% accuracy o Optionally block 87B operation from Isolator Alarm
Each isolator position signal decides:

o Whether or not the associated current is to be included in the
differential calculations o Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
Isolator Typical Open/Closed Connections
Switch Status Logic and Dyanamic Bus Replica

Isolator Open Auxiliary Contact Off Off On On Isolator Closed Auxiliary Contact On Off On Off Isolator Position Alarm Block Switching
CLOSED LAST VALID CLOSED OPEN
No After time delay until acknowledged No
No Until Isolator Position is valid
No
NOTE: Isolator monitoring function may be a built-in feature or userprogrammable in low impedance bus differential digital relays
Differential Zone CT Trouble

Each Bus Differential Zone may a dedicated CT Trouble Monitor Definite time delay overcurrent element operating on the zone differential current, based on the configured Dynamic Bus Replica Three strategies to deal with CT problems: 1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will likely evolve into a bus fault anyway 2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to correct the problem manually 3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum pickup setting above the maximum load current.
Differential Zone CT Trouble

Strategies 2 and 3 can be accomplished by:
Using undervoltage supervision to ride through the period from the beginning of the problem with a CT until declaring a CT trouble condition Using an external check zone to supervise the 87B function Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential tripping (2) Using setting groups to increase the pickup value for the 87B function (3)
Differential Zone CT Trouble Strategy #2 Example

87B operates Undervoltage condition CT OK
CT Trouble operand is used to rise an alarm The 87B trip is inhibited after CT Trouble element operates The relay may misoperate if an external fault occurs after CT trouble but before the CT trouble condition is declared (double-contingency)
Example Architecture for Large Busbars

Dual (redundant) fiber with 3msec delivery time between neighbouring IEDs. Up to 8 relays in the ring Phase A AC signals and trip contacts
Phase B AC signals and trip contacts
Phase C AC signals and trip contacts
Digital Inputs for isolator monitoring and BF

Example Architecture Dynamic Bus Replica and Isolator Position

Phase A AC signals wired here, bus replica configured here
Phase B AC signals wired here, bus replica configured here
Phase C AC signals wired here, bus replica configured here
Auxuliary switches wired here; Isolator Monitoring function configured here
Example Architecture BF Initiation & Current Supervision

Phase A AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Phase B AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Phase C AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Breaker Failure elements configured here
Example Architecture Breaker Failure Trip Tripping

Phase A AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Trip
Trip
Phase B AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Trip
Phase C AC signals wired here, current status monitored here
Breaker Fail Op command generated here and send to trip appropriate breakers
IEEE 37.234
Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses is currently being revised by the K14 Working Group of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee.

Fundamentals of Bus Bar Protection: GE Multilin

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Fundamentals of Bus Bar Protection

2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13

Single bus - single breaker

3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13

Multiple bus sections - single breaker with bus tie

Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels Limited operating flexibility

Double bus - single breaker with bus tie

Main and transfer buses

Double bus single breaker w/ transfer bus

Very high operating flexibility Transfer bus for breaker maintenance

Double bus - double breaker

9 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13

Low Voltage circuit breakers

SF6, EHV & HV -

11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin Synchropuff 17-Feb-13

Disconnect switches & auxiliary contacts

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Bushing type (medium voltage switchgear)

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False trip by bus protection may create serious problems:

Bus Protection Techniques

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Overcurrent (unrestrained) Differential

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ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )

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High Impedance Differential

Requires varistors or AC shorting relays to limit energy during faults

Accuracy dependent on secondary circuit resistance

Usually requires larger CT cables to reduce errors higher cost

Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable buses and offers no advanced functionality

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Low Impedance Percent Differential

o Dedicated CTs not necessary

computation o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required

Low secondary burdens Additional functionality available

Digital Differential Algorithm Goals

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Low Impedance Differential (Distributed)

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Low Impedance Differential (Centralized)

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External Fault & Ideal CTs

Fault starts at t0 Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1

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External Fault & Actual CTs

Fault starts at t0 Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1

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External Fault with CT Saturation

Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1 CT fully saturated at t2

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Some Methods of Securing Bus Differential

o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation or

Change settings of the percent differential characteristic (usually Slope 2)

Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision

High-Impedance Bus Differential Considerations

High Impedance Voltage-operated Relay

35 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 17-Feb-13