Turning Operations

Lathe

Turning Operations

Machine Tool LATHE Job (workpiece) rotary motion Tool linear motions
Mother of Machine Tools Cylindrical and flat surfaces

Some Typical Lathe Jobs

Turning/Drilling/Grooving/ Threading/Knurling/Facing...

Head stock Spindle speed selector Feed change gearbox Spindle Guide ways Tool post

Cross slide Dead center Tailstock quill Tailstock Handle

Compound rest and slide(swivels) Bed

The Lathe

Carriage Apron

Feed rod Lead screw

Head Stock

Tail Stock
Bed

The Lathe
Feed/Lead Screw Carriage

Types of Lathes

Engine Lathe Speed Lathe Bench Lathe Tool Room Lathe Special Purpose Lathe Gap Bed Lathe

Workpiece Length

Swing

Size of Lathe

Example: 300 - 1500 Lathe Maximum Diameter of Workpiece that can be machined = SWING (= 300 mm) Maximum Length of Workpiece that can be held between Centers (=1500 mm)

Size of Lathe ..

 Equipment used to hold

Workpiece fixtures Tool - jigs

Securely HOLD or Support while machining

Workholding Devices

Workholding Devices ..

Chucks
Three jaw Four Jaw

Workholding Devices ..

Centers
Headstock center (Live Centre) Tailstock center (Dead Centre)

Workpiece

Workholding Devices ..

Faceplates

Workpiece

Workholding Devices ..

Dogs

Tail

Tail

Workholding Devices ..

Workpiece (job) with a hole

Workpiece

Mandrel

Mandrels

Workholding Devices ..

Rests
Steady Rest
Jaws Work Hinge

Follower Rest

Work

Jaws

Carriage Lathe bed guideways

Operating/Cutting Conditions
1. 2. 3. Cutting Speed v Feed f Depth of Cut d

Tool post

Workpiece Chip Tool

D

N (rev/min) S peripheral speed (m/min)

Operating Conditions
Tool post Workpiece Chip

N (rev/min)

S Tool peripheral D speed (m/min) relative tool travel in 1 rotation D peripheral speed S D N

Operating Conditions..

D Diameter (mm) N Revolutions per Minute (rpm)

DN
1000

m/min

=Cutting Speed Cutting Speed

The Peripheral Speed of Workpiece past the Cutting Tool

Operating Conditions..

f the distance the tool advances for every rotation of workpiece (mm/rev)

D1

D2

Feed

f Feed

Operating Conditions..

perpendicular distance between machined surface and uncut surface of the Workpiece d = (D1 D2)/2 (mm)

Depth of Cut

D1

D2 d Depth of Cut

Cutting speed Workpiece

N

Depth of cut (d) Machined surface Feed (f ) Tool Chip Depth of cut

Chuck

3 Operating Conditions

Operating Conditions..

Workpiece Material Tool Material Tool signature Surface Finish Accuracy Capability of Machine Tool

Selection of ..

Operations on Lathe ..

MRR
Volume of material removed in one revolution MRR = D d f mm3 Job makes N revolutions/min MRR = D d f N (mm3/min) In terms of v MRR is given by Material Removal (mm3/min) MRR = 1000 v d f Rate

Operations on Lathe ..

MRR
dimensional consistency by substituting the units

MRR: D d f N

(mm)(mm)(mm/rev)(rev/min) = mm3/min

Operations on Lathe ..

Operations on Lathe
Turning Facing knurling Grooving Parting Chamfering Taper turning Drilling Threading

Operations on Lathe ..

Turning
Cylindrical job

Operations on Lathe ..

Turning ..
Cylindrical job

Cutting speed

Workpiece
N

Depth of cut (d) Machined surface Feed Tool Chip Depth of cut

Chuck

Operations on Lathe ..

Excess Material is removed to reduce Diameter Cutting Tool: Turning Tool

a depth of cut of 1 mm will reduce diameter by 2 mm

Turning ..

Operations on Lathe ..

Facing
Flat Surface/Reduce length

Chuck

Workpiece d Machined Face

Cutting speed Tool Feed

Depth of cut

Operations on Lathe ..

Facing ..
machine end of job Flat surface or to Reduce Length of Job Turning Tool Feed: in direction perpendicular to workpiece axis Length of Tool Travel = radius of workpiece Depth of Cut: in direction parallel to workpiece axis

Operations on Lathe ..

Facing ..

Operations on Lathe ..

4-jaw chuck

Axis of job

Ax Eccentric peg Cutting Eccentric Turning(to be turned) speed

Operations on Lathe ..

Produce rough textured surface

Knurling Tool

For Decorative and/or Functional Purpose

A Forming Process MRR~0

Knurling

Operations on Lathe ..

Knurled surface Cutting speed Feed Knurling tool Tool post Knurling Movement for depth

Operations on Lathe ..

Knurling ..

Operations on Lathe ..

Produces a Groove on workpiece Shape of tool shape of groove Carried out using Grooving Tool A form tool Grooving Form Turning Also called

Operations on Lathe ..

Shape produced by form tool

Groove

Grooving ..
Form tool

Feed or depth of cut

Grooving tool

Operations on Lathe ..

Cutting workpiece into Two Similar to grooving Parting Tool Hogging tool rides over at slow feed Coolant use

Parting

Operations on Lathe ..

Parting ..

Parting tool

Feed

Operations on Lathe ..

Chamfering

Chamfer

Feed Chamfering tool

Operations on Lathe ..

Chamfering
Beveling sharp machined edges Similar to form turning Chamfering tool 45 To
Avoid Sharp Edges Make Assembly Easier Improve Aesthetics

Operations on Lathe ..

Taper Turning
D1 D2 tan 2L
Taper:

D1

90

D2

B A

Operations on Lathe ..

Taper Turning..
Conicity
D1 D2 K L

Methods
Form Tool Swiveling Compound Rest Taper Turning Attachment Simultaneous Longitudinal and Cross Feeds

Operations on Lathe ..

Taper Turning ..

By Form Tool
Workpiece Taper

Form Straight tool cutting edge

Direction of feed

Operations on Lathe ..

Taper Turning ,,

By Compound Rest
Dog Mandrel Tail stock quill Tail stock Face plate Tool post & Tool holder Cross slide Direction of feed Compound rest Slide Compound rest Hand crank

Operations on Lathe ..

Drilling
Drill cutting tool held in TS feed from TS

Quill clamp moving Drill quill Tail stock Feed Tail stock clamp