SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

IRAWAN YUSUF
Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University Makassar

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS IT ?
Signal transduction is a series of steps by which external stimuli are converted into chemical signals and than into cellular responses. A hormone or neurotransmitter binds to a specific receptor in the cell wall. This stimulates cell to produce second messengers which relay the hormonal signal to intracellular sites triggering the cells various responses.
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAPPENS?
A signal transduction pathway can be divided into three nain steps Perception perception of the environment Transduction the first messenger trigger the increase of second messenger Induction the cellular response to the stimulus
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INTRODUCTION

Cells communicate with each other via chemical messengers Signal transduction. There are three general types of intercellular communication: Paracrine communication Autocrine communication Endocrine communication

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The Component of Signal Transductions

Ligands (hormones, drugs) Receptors Second Messengers Effectors

neurotransmitters,

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Structure and function of receptors

Chemical Messengers
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released from nerve endings which travel across a nerve synapse to bind with receptors on target cells, such as muscle cells or another nerve. Usually short lived and responsible for messages between individual cells

Hormones: Chemicals released from cells or glands and which travel some distance to bind with receptors on target cells throughout the body
Chemical messengers switch without undergoing a reaction
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on

receptors

Nerve 1

Blood supply Hormone

Nerve 2

Neurotransmitters

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Receptors for Ligands

Many of the receptors for chemical messengers have now been isolated and characterized There are three types of receptor; membrane receptor, cytoplasmic receptor and nuclear receptor Their propertis change quantitatively (downregulation or up-regulation) or qualitatively (desensitization or hypersensitization) with changes in physiologic conditions
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Second Messenger

Molecules that transmit and amplify signal Several second messengers have now been isolated and characterized cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) IP3 (inositol triphosphate) DAG (diacylgliserol) Ca2+
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Effectors

Molecules affected by second messengers Effectors affected by second messenger through phosphorylation or transcription Effectors concits of: Ion channels Genes Enzymes

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PS

S
(-)

K+ Channel

ACh

NE

Ca2+ Channel

M
Gi
AC, adenylate cyclase enzyme ACh, acetylcholine 3,5-AMP, 3,5-adenin monophosphate ATP, adenin triphosphate cAMP, cyclic adenin monophosphate Gi, G protein inhibitory Gs, G protein stimulatory NE, norepinephrine PDE, phosphodiesterase enzyme PKA, protein kinase A

Gs AC

ATP

PKA cAMP phosphorylation PDE 3,5-AMP

Gene transcriptions

C-fibers terminal

Glutamate Na+ Channel

Subs P Ca2+ Channel

NMDA

AMPA

NK1 IP3

Na+

Ca2+

PKA (Phosphorylation)
PKC (Phosphorylation)

Cornu Posterior Axon

Mechanism of Light Excitation

Dark state

Light state

Mechanism of Light Excitation