Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Oxidising agents are those chemicals which cause the loss of electrons, When an oxidising agent reacts it itself is reduced Chemicals all have specific oxidation numbers , The rules for Oxidation numbers are as follows - All uncombined elements have an oxidation number of 0 - Group 1 = +1 & Group 2 = +2 - Fluorine's oxidation in a compound is always -1 - A simple monoatomic ion has the same oxidation number as its charge i.e. Fe2- has an oxidation number of 2- The oxidation of H is usually +1 except it is a hydrogen peroxide compound or bonded with Fluorine - Group 7 = -2 & Group 6= -1 - when the name of the compound has roman numerals next to it the oxidation number are those numerals. - The sum of the oxidation numbers in any compound equals 0 and in any ion equals the charge on the ion
Equilibria
Changes in reactant or product concentrations is one type of stress on an equilibrium
Other stresses are temperature, and pressure.
The response of equilibria to these stresses is explained by Le Chateliers principle: If an equilibrium in a system is upset, the system will tend to react in a direction that will reestablish equilibrium
Thus we have: 1) Equilibrium, 2) Disturbance of equilibrium, 3) Shift to restore equilibrium. Le Chateliers principle predicts how an equilibrium will shift (but does
Amounts of products and reactants: equilibrium shifts to compensate N2 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 92 kJ shift right H2 N + 3H 2NH + 92 kJ shift left
2 2 3
Temperature: equilibrium shifts to compensate: Heat N + 3H 2NH + 92 kJ shift left 2 2 3 Pressure (due to decreased volume): increase in pressure favors side with fewer molecules Catalysts: does not influence reaction
Reduction is the gain of elections by another atom. Reduction is anychemical change which at least one element gains electrons A useful memory aid is OILRIG Oxidation is Gain Reduction is Loss A reducing agent is a substance that loses electrons making it possible for another substance to gain electrons and be and be reduces so the Oxidises substance is always the reducing agent So Redox reactions are those which involve oxidation and reduction, by spliting an equation into a half ionic equation and balancing these half equation for species and for charge you can then add them together to find the overall reaction.
A simple example
The equation shows a simple redox reaction which can obviously be described in terms of oxygen transfer. CuO + Mg --------- Cu + MgO
Copper(II) oxide and magnesium oxide are both ionic. The metals obviously aren't. If you rewrite this as an ionic equation, it turns out that the oxide ions are spectator ions and you are left with:
Cu2+ +Mg ---- Cu + Mg2+