Biokimia pencernaan lemak

lipid
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone). Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.

CLASSES of LIPIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS
Fat Oil Waxes

COMPLEX LIPIDS
Phospholipids Glycolipid

DERIVED LIPIDS
Fatty acid Sterol

Lipids
Lipids: family of biochemicals that are soluble in organic solvents but not in water Classes:
Waxes: fatty acid + a long-chain alcohol Triglycerides (fats & oils): glycerol + 3 fatty acids Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + amino alcohol Glycolipids: glycerol or spingosine + fatty acid + monosaccharide Steroids: 3 cyclohexanes + 1 cyclopentane fused together

Fatty Acids
Fatty acids: long-chain carboxylic acids Form fats and oils (usually have an even number of carbons) Saturated fatty acid: all single bonds Unsaturated fatty acid: at least 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated: two or more double bonds Most double bonds are cis- bonds that cause a bend in the chain

Fatty Acids

FATTY ACIDS
SATURATION SATURATED FATTY ACID =If all the carbon atoms in the chain are joined with single bonds, and the remaining bonds are attached to hydrogen

FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID = If adjoining carbons are joined by double bonds

FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED One double bond = monounsaturated fatty acid Two or more double bonds = polyunsaturated fatty acid

Fats and Oils

Fats: more saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature Oils: more unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature

Omega 3

Omega 6

Omega 9

 Nonessential Fatty Acids our body can make certain fatty acids so they are not required in the diet Essential Fatty Acids our bodies cannot make C-C double bonds before the 9th carbon from the methyl end, so we must get these fatty acids from our diet EFAS = omega-6 linoleic acid & omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid

FATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACIDS
Omega-3: Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Omega-6: Linoleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid

Phospholipids
Phospholipid: alcohol + phosphate +fatty acid Glycerophospholid: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate/amino alcohol
Lecithins and cephalins abundant in brain & nerve tissue, egg yolks, wheat germ, and yeast Forms cell membranes

Phospholipids
Sphingolipid: sphingosin + fatty acid + phosphate/amino alcohol

Glycolipid: glycerol + 1 fatty acid + sugar

A phospholipid with sphingosin instead of the glycerol Important in the myelin sheath that surrounds most nerve fibers

In cell membranes Function in cell adhesion & self-identity

Phospholipids in Foods
A typical diet contains only about 2 grams per day Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) is the major phospholipid and is found in: Liver, egg yolk, soybeans, peanuts, legumes, spinach, and wheat germ Usually lost during food processing

TRIGLYCERIDES
STRUCTURE Triglyceride - three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone Diglyceride two fatty acids +glycerol Monoglyceride one fatty acid +glycerol

Fatty Acids

Triglyceride

A Lipoprotein

Chylomicrons are lipoproteins

Reverse Cholesterol Peripheral Blood Transport via HDL Tissues

Liver

Excess Cholester ol

Bile

 oksidasi
setelah memasuki sel FA masuk ke matriks mitokondria degradasi lebih lanjut.

FA diaktivasi dgn ensim fatty acyl CoA ligase atau Acyl CoA synthase / thiokinase
Ensim ini spesifik utk tiap jenis asam lemak

Untuk masuk ke dalam matrik mitokondria, asam lemak yg sudah diaktivasi memerlukan karier karnitin
-Karnitin asiltransferase I : membran luar -Karnitin asiltransferase II : membran dalam

Step 1 : dehidrogenasi / oksidasi

Berperan pada pembentukan rantai ganda antara atom C2 C3. Mempunyai akseptor hidrogen FAD+. Antara asam lemak yg berbeda panjangnya beda enzimnya,

Step2 : Hidratasi
Mengkatalisis hidrasi trans enoyl CoA Penambahan gugus hidroksi pada C no. 3

Ensim bersifat stereospesifik

Menghasilkan 3-Lhidroksiasil Co. A

Step 3 : dehidrogenasi

Mengkatalisis oksidasi -OH pada C no. 3 / C menjadi keton

Akseptor elektronnya : NAD+

Step 4 : thiolisis

-Ketothiolase mengkatalisis pemecahan ikatan thioester. Acetyl-CoA dilepas dan tersisa asam lemak asil ko A yang terhubung dgn thio sistein mll ikatan tioester. Tiol HSCoA menggantikan cysteine thiol, menghasilkan fatty acyl-CoA (yang telah berkurang 2 C).