Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Key Messages
URGENT ATTENTION TO INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT FOCUS ON PRODUCTIVITY, RESPONSIVENESS AND RESILIENCE SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS TO STRENGTHEN THE LINKAGES (BACKWARD AND FORWARD ) IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY INVESTMENTS IN LOCATION-SPECIFIC DECENTRALIZED INNOVATION CAPACITIES AND INCENTIVES - The usual recommendation to move farmers into non-farm urban jobs, enhance capital investments and supply of technologies will not work. - Rural transformation in India and China needs institutional reform to enable decentralized agricultural innovation capacities.
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Regional differentiation higher dependence on agrarian incomes India higher probability to remain poor for longer
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Inclusion??
Re-distribution with increased expenditure or flagship programmes for the poor Public sector mandates to target rural areas and backward regions New private and public-private partnerships and investments in industry extractive and manufacturing Attempts to enable and promote pro-poor knowledge and technology generation
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Theoretical underpinning
Constructive welfare economics Sen -poverty as capacity deprivation - removal of impediments political, legal, financial, - capacity building investments in education and health Brings us to the how question
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How?
Understand inclusion through evidence of exclusion - How do capacity deprivation, financial and political impediments, access to health care and education exist? How have they evolved? Understand innovation systems through analysis of innovation system components - How do peoples capacities, their eco-systems, production systems and knowledge requirements enter the innovation system components of R&D, demand, intermediary, enterprise, and policy? How are they addressed?
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4.6
4.3 5.7
3.
44.88
59.26
4.
5. 6.
117.23
12.69 2.61 m
109.87
54.60 21.78 m
172.63
5.51 0.075
195.10
26.48 0.5 m
7.
8.
Fruit and vegetable processing (value Billion US$) Agricultural trade (constant US $ 1999- 10.59 2000) (Billion US$) 4.37 Exports 6.22 Imports
23.8
121.96 49.41 72.55 2.87
4.76
31 17 14
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Crop
All-India Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops and proportion of area Irrigated over time (Source:: Agricultural Statistics at a glance) Area (Million Hectares) Production (Million tonnes) Yield (Kg/hectare) Area under Irrigation (%)
196061
198 2000 0-81 -01 126. 67 40.1 5 22.2 8 41.7 8 22.4 6 17.6 121. 05 44.7 1 25.7 3 30.2 6 20.3 5 22.7 7 8.53 4.32
2000-01
200809 234.47
196 198 200 200 196 198 200 200 0-61 0-81 0-01 8-09 0-61 0-81 0-01 7-08 710 102 3 133 6 163 0 695 162 6 190 1 270 8 102 7 544 190 9 217 8 290 7 145 9 659 19.1 29.7 43.4 46.8
Food grain Rice Wheat Coarse cereals Total Pulses Major Oilseeds Cotton Sugarca ne
115.58
196.81
23.56
22.09
10.63
11.08
14.57
539
473
8.0
9.0
12.5
16.2
13.77
27.56
9.37
18.44
27.72
507
532
810
3.3
14.5
23.0
27.1
7.61 2.42
7.82 2.67
9.41 4.42
5.60 110. 00
7.01 154.2 5
9.52 295.96
22.28 285.03
125 455 49
152 578 44
190 685 77
12.7 69.3
27.3 81.2
34.3 92.1
35.1 93.5
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All-China Area, Production and Yield along with coverage under Irrigation Crop Area (Million Hectares) Production (Million tonnes) Yield (Kg/hectare)
1961- 1980- 2000- 2008- 1961- 1980- 2000- 2008- 1961- 1980- 2000- 200862 81 01 09 62 81 01 09 62 81 01 09 Food grain Rice Wheat Major Oilseed s Cotton Sugarca ne Sugar Crops
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121.6 117.2 106.0 108.9 154.4 320.5 452.6 530.8 2 3 8 9 1 6 4 2 26.94 33.88 28.81 29.63 62.99 139.9 177.5 195.1 1 8 0 24.08 28.84 24.66 24.29 16.67 55.21 93.87 115.1 2 4.15 7.93 14.63 13.65 2.00 7.69 28.65 31.54
1270
2734
4267
4870
2.71
5.32
6.38
214
550
1091
1288
22.81 75.66 115.5 22357 47562 60625 68093 9 29.11 86.55 122.7 15958 31566 52321 65303 7
2000-01 160.54 34.59 74.19* 46.09 70.22 152.13 37.50 58.28 109.76 57.31 39.07 75.18 40.52 166.69 34.57 151.94 118.93* 119.02 88.93
SIID India-China team
2005-06 203.61 49.26 125.32 67.36 111.07 166.72 48.75 81.31 67.61 117.34 57.00 47.13 84.52 57.33 210.06 36.29 183.67 140.37 94.24 127.50 104.50
2008-09 239.71 62.09 178.98 80.74 140.71 201.62 60.58 93.34 55.72 147.28 89.41 70.77 113.69 61.64 221.42 48.85 216.54 156.31 123.31 157.69 128.58
74.74 121.16 30.53 47.55 78.33 66.31 42.87 64.42 24.57 162.97 32.66 120.53 106.2 94.48 74.38
95-96 351.11 238.88 292.27 206.51 116.99 305.14 263.60 129.56 399.49 387.54 247.99 297.20 382.65 187.52 340.11 281.71 316.66 210.79 345.56
00-01 406.31 317.72 304.09 231.19 138.94 276.94 233.33 123.33 413.53 434.59 278.20 321.42 432.72 198.20 380.43 336.46 327.55 232.36 375.69
SIID India-China team
05-06 463.22 572.36 349.90 283.18 194.99 333.87 304.66 138.89 361.24 463.09 374.29 334.81 540.60 251.09 455.45 386.12 423.88 294.53 483.97
08-09 424.87 568.98 359.80 278.11 222.44 328.65 322.60 148.98 361.02 450.90 371.29 340.19 525.69 247.38 441.90 424.29 435.34 278.58 506.26
224.61 208.80 0.00 198.97 141.08 190.40 128.89 241.77 151.44 116.94 184.07 249.90 251.22
267.33 309.74 204.17 221.49 150.51 202.37 129.93 302.64 179.19 136.11 244.14 244.70 273.21
SIID India-China team
379.14 564.77 261.88 244.28 180.25 260.38 188.84 375.80 209.09 139.21 287.57 286.36 323.87
382.05 549.80 266.30 256.21 173.82 264.35 195.66 399.36 206.67 157.56 283.69 319.27 330.26
State-wise proportion of area under dominant crops and fertilizer use (Source: DES, 2010; Beiintemma et al, 2008)
100.00
Total area under 5 major Crops and Fruits & Vegetables in GCA - 2006-09 (%)
90.00 Uttar Pradesh 80.00 70.00 60.00 Madhya Pradesh 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 Rajasthan Maharashtra Gujarat Orissa
Bihar
Punjab
Karnataka
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
Fertilizer Consum ption - 2006-09 (Kg/Hectare) Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Orissa West Bengal Haryana Punjab All india Karnataka Rajasthan All india
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5 Rural MSME Clusters 2 Agricultural Innovation cases Rainfed Agriculture (MP & AP) North Eastern States Plantation Sysfems Inclusive Agri Biotech Hyd Rice
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Sampling through mapping Mapping the diversity: The Five Rural Chinas
Source: OECD 2009: 72-74 Mapping/structuring modes/patterns/factors creates a value for conditional generalization and comparison
1The rural The West provinces
Population 28% The Middle, such as Anhui 44%
11%
2
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15%
2%
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China
Provincial governments leading agricultural innovation Land on lease from the state (more equal access to land) Half the R&D institutes under County/Township governments Extension under County/Township and provincial governments Domestic markets oriented production Private corporate sector with state support and finance
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- ownership of institutional change - changing role from farmer to trader/processor/input producer, -entrepreneurship skills developed with experience, through training, expert assistance.
(contd.)
-Local (county and township) governments incentives, awards, for innovative institutional arrangements and technologies - Provision of public space and facilities for market promotion especially domestic market - Investment and infrastructure support after proof of concept stage including support for venture capital, core support for co-operatives and producer organizations - Linkages enabled and research conducted with expertise/scientists within and outside the county - Support for input production and marketing firms (exclusively Chinese AIS features in red)
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Crucial interventions
Policy goal
Productive and sustainable agriculture, employing and creating incomes in farm and off-farm occupations
Policy instruments Creation of decentralized innovation capacities and governance in agriculture Evidence and communication on exclusion or drivers of exclusion Public investment in critical infrastructure, fiscal decentralization and local knowledge and accountability Cutting edge science and technology Support for legal and institutional changes to reform drivers of exclusion
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Limitations
Innovation systems limited engagement with development economics, politics, social and cultural features of agriculture Inadequate understanding of forms and magnitudes of exclusion and new challenges Size and complexity of Indian and Chinese agriculture secondary data analysis and case studies are not enough Administrative and R&D changes contingent upon political willingness.
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