Respiratory system - introduction

Respiratory System
-function -provide oxygen -remove carbon dioxide

-requires circulatory system

-respiratory tract -conducts air in/out of body

-deliver air to sites of exchange -conditions air -protects against infection -odor detection -pH regulation -sound production

Respiratory system - respiratory tract

Respiratory tract
-upper tract -nasal/oral cavity -larynx

-trachea -primary (main) bronchi

-lower tract (lungs)

-bronchi -bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveoli

Conducting portion Gas exchange portion

Respiratory system - lungs

Lungs
asymmetric -right side = 3 lobes -upper, lower, medial -left side = 2 lobes (heart) -upper, lower -gas exchange in alveoli

Respiratory system - upper tract

Nasal cavity
-Pharynx -mouth -nose -lined respiratory epithelium -functions -admits air -filters air -hair -mucous -moisturizes air -warms air -immune function -IgA IgE -olfaction (smell) -olfactory epithelium

Respiratory system - nasal cavity

Respiratory epithelium
-ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium -functional collaboration -mucous cells -trap particles -ciliated cells -move mucous

Respiratory system - nasal cavity

Olfactory epithelium
-specialized epithelium -nasal cavity -bipolar neurons -ciliated neurons -odor receptors -sustentacular cells -metabolic support -basal cells

Respiratory system - larynx

Larynx
-organ responsible for speech -vocal folds -vocal ligament -vocalis muscle -esophogus (stratifed squamous) -trachae (pseudo-stratified ciliated)

Respiratory system - airway

Airways
-hierarchy -single trachea -2 primary bronchi -each lung -5 secondary bronchi -each lobe -many tertiary bronchi -primary bronchioles -each lobule -tertiary (terminal) bronchiole -each acinus -respiratory bronchiole -alveolar ducts -alveoli

Respiratory system - trachea

Trachea
-larynx opens into trachea
-mucosa -respiratory epithelium

-lamina propria -elastic fibers

-submucosa

-sero-mucous glands -blood vessels

-hyaline cartilage rings -c-shaped cartilage -trachealis muscle -adventitia

Respiratory system - trachea

Trachea

Respiratory system - airway

Primary bronchus
-2 primary bronchi -each lung -structure = trachea

Respiratory system - airway

Secondary/tertiary bronchus
-mucosa -respiratory epithelium -lamina propria -elastic fibres -folded mucosa
-submucosa -seromucous glands -smooth muscle spirals -hyaline cartilage -discontinuous plates

-pulmonary arteries

Respiratory system - airway

Bronchiole
-mucosa -simple columnar epithelium -ciliated cells -very few goblet cells -clara cells (surfactant) -lamina propria -elastic fibres -folded (< bronchus)
-submucosa -no glands -smooth muscle spirals

-no cartilage
-pulmonary arteries

Respiratory system - airway

Clara cells
-bronchiole epithelial cell -non-ciliated secretory cell -secrete surfactant proteins -epithelial progenitor cell -terminal/respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory system - airway

Terminal bronchiole
-smallest of bronchioles -simple columnar/cuboidal -respiratory bronchioles have alveoli

Respiratory system - airway

Terminal branches of airway

-alveolar duct -alveolar sac -alveoli

Respiratory system - airway

Alveolar duct
-simple squamous epithelium

-smooth muscle (sometimes) -conduct air to sacs/alveoli -support -elastic fibers -reticular connective tissue

Respiratory system - airway

Alveolus
-basic unit of lung -structural -functional -sites of gas exchange -cells -type I pneumocyte(P1) -type II pneumocyte (P2) -endothelial cells (E) -macrophages (M) -fibroblasts -mast cells
-intimate association 2 organ systems -respiratory system -circulatory system

Respiratory system - lungs

Alveolar cells
-type I (squamous) -lines capillaries -gas exchange -type II (cuboidal) -secretory (foam cells) -surfactant -reduces surface tension

Respiratory system - lungs

Type I pneumocyte
-minimum barrier to diffusion

-squamous cell -shared basal lamina with endothelial cell -surfactant

Respiratory system - lungs

Type II pneumocyte
-foam cell (lamellar bodies)

-divide to produce type I and type II -part of epithelium -cuboidal -tight junctions with type I -scattered microvilli -surfactant

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Respiratory system - lungs

Macrophage
-dust cell -ingest inhaled particulate matter -fixed and loose

Respiratory system - circulation

Pulmonary circulation
-pulmonary artery

-low oxygen -follows airway

-bronchial artery

-capillaries -basket around alveolus -pulmonary vein

-high oxygen -in connective tissue septa

Respiratory system - clinical

Smoking
-Canada $3 billion/yr

-> 12% of all healthcare costs -USA $73 billion/yr -insurance payouts $8 billion -tax revenue = $3 billion -tobacco settlement $200 billion

Neutrophil

elastase

Alpha1 anti-trypsin

Elastic fibres

emphysema