Network Dimensioning - GSM

EXPLAIN v3.
0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

4. Network Dimensioning
Summary
Technologies
Radio Network Planning Process
Radio Media & Model Tuning
Network Dimensioning
Transmission Planning
Parameter Planning &

Optimisation
Network Capacity Evolution
Planning Tools
EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena
Network Dimensioning
EXPLAIN CHAPTER 4
Dimensioning
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Dimensioning
EXPLAIN paragraph 4.1
Dimensioning (3)
Input data (4)

Dimensioning
Key Quantities
Key quantities for radio network

dimensioning
# of BS needed for coverage reasons
( par. 4.2)
# of BS needed for capacity reasons
( par. 4.3)
outage probabilities/percentages
frequency re-use rate (vs.
interference)
bandwidth used
Design goals are inter-dependant

network can only be optimised with
respect to one single aspect
Design goals to be applied must be
clearly agreed with customer!
Dimensioning
Limiting factors
Before T
0
, the network is coverage
limited
After T
0
, the network is capacity limited
The other constraint is automatically
fulfilled
# of BS
time
coverage
capacity
T
0
At the very beginning, just the
coverage planning is needed
Dimensioning
Network Expansion
When the network is coverage

limited, the expansion consists of:
adding new sites in not already
covered areas
When the network is capacity

limited, the expansion consists of:
adding TRXs;
adding new sites in already covered
areas;
adding software capacity...
cap. 7
Input Data
Preliminary Questions
Main purpose of the network?
1st operator in country plain coverage?
2nd operator competitive pricing?
3rd operator replacing wire line phones?
Roamer volumes expected?
Where?
Neighbouring countries
existing international regulations?
Use of microwave links for transmission?
Each network philosophy
calls for a different planning
approach
Input Data
Morpho data
Maps
main cities
important roads
location of
mountain ranges
inhabited area
shore lines
Local
knowledge
city skylines
typical
architecture
structure of city
local habits
Input Data
Demographic Data
Statistical
yearbook
largest towns,
cities
population
distribution
where are
expected
customers?
Local
knowledge
population
migration routes
commuting traffic
volumes
subscriber
concentration
points
2 mill.
pop.
300 000 pop.
400 000 pop.
400 000 pop.
250 000 pop.
Roll-out phases &

time schedules
Coverage level
requirements
Indoor coverage
areas
MS classes to plan
for
Operators cell
deployment
strategies
omni-cells in
rural areas?
3-sector cells in
urban areas?
minimum of 2
TRX per cell?
phase 1
NW launch
rollout
phase 2
rollout
phase 3
Input Data
Coverage Requirements
Coverage Planning
Power budget (8)
Cell size (12)

Power Budget
Basics
Power budget is used to calculate

the maximum allowed path loss
Main factors depend on

equipment characteristics
BTS & MS TX power
BTS & MS RX sensitivity
Other factors can be classified into

3 categories and have to be
estimated
loss factors
gain factors
margins
~ 3 5 dB losses
50 70% of
signal power is lost
before even
reaching the TX
antenna
Power Budget
Loss Factors
At BS side
connectors
cables
isolator
combiner
filter
At MS side
body loss
polarisation of
antenna
m
a
n
y

m
e
t
e
r
s
cables &
connecto
rs
filte
r
combiner
BS output
Power Budget
Gain Factors
Antenna gain
main antenna parameter
slight difference between DL and UL
the antenna models in use should be
defined at the very beginning of the
project
Diversity gain
diversity can be implemented in many
ways, with different gains
Frequency hopping gain

FH improves average link quality, but
it isnt taken into account in power
budget calculations
No gain factors at MS side

Power Budget
Margins
Fast fading margin

Fast variations in field strength levels
that are caused by multipath
reception has to be taken into account
in calculating the maximum allowed
path loss
Slow fading margin

Slow fading that is caused by
shadowing has a direct effect on the
location probability; this has to be
taken into account in evaluating cell
size
Penetration losses
F
o
r

p
o
w
e
r

b
u
d
g
e
t
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
F
o
r

c
e
l
l

s
i
z
e

e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
WLL subscribers
path loss = 154 dB
combiner
loss = 5
dB
Feeder
Loss = 4 dB
Rx Sensitivity
- 102 dBm
Tx Power
45 dBm (20W)
Antenna
Gain = 16dBi
- 102 dBm
52 dBm
36 dBm
40 dBm
Power Budget
Down-Link
WLL subscribers
path loss = 154 dB
Feeder
Loss = 4 dB
Tx Power
33 dBm (2W)
Antenna
Gain = 16 dBi
Diversity
Gain = 4 dB
33 dBm
- 121 dBm
- 101 dBm
- 105 dBm
Rx Sensitivity
-105 dB
Power Budget
Up-Link
Power Budget
Example
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION
Frequency (MHz): 1800 System: DCS1800
Case description: MS Class: 1

RECEIVING END: BS MS
RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm -108.00 -100.00 A
Interference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B
Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C
Cable Loss +Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 D
Rx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E
Diversity Gain dB 4.00 0.00 F
Isotropic Power dBm -124.00 -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F
Field Strength dBV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*
TRANSMITTING END: MS BS
TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50
(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K
Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L
Isolator +Combiner +Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M
RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M
Cable Loss +Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O
TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P
Peak EIRP W 0.63 562.11
(EIRP =ERP +2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50 Q=N-O+P
* Z=77.2 +20*log(freq[MHz])
LINK-BALANCE EVALUATION UL DL
Theoretic Isotropic Path Loss dB 152.00 152.50 R=Q-G
Isotropic Path Loss to be considered dB 152.00 UL Limited Min (UL,DL)
Path Loss unbalancement dB 0.50 Abs (UL-DL)
TX RF Max Output Power to be used dBm 30.00 44.20
BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to
1 2
3
4
Power Budget
Conclusions
Power budget has to be balanced,

even if the BTS has higher TX
power than the MS
diversity gain is for UL only
BTS RX sensitivity is better than for

the MS
The maximum allowed path loss is

usually UL limited
There are as many power budgets

as different site configurations are
defined, even into the same
project
the site configurations in use should
be defined at the very beginning of
the project
Cell Size
Basics
Based on the calculated maximum

allowed path loss, the cell size can
be evaluated
This is done by using
location probability values
coverage thresholds
basic propagation prediction formulas

Okumura-Hata
Walfish-Ikegami
Real maximum
allowed path loss
Cell Size
Process
EIRP -
(Maximum allowed
path loss
Slow fading margin

Building penetration
loss)
=
Coverage threshold
Cell radius
Cell area
function (location probability)
From power budget calculations
function (morphological area)
Okumura-Hata
function (morphological area)
Full coverage of an area can never
be guaranteed!
Cell Size
Location Probability
Outages
due to coverage gaps P
no_cov
due to interferences P
if
Total location probability in a cell

(1- P
no_cov
) * (1- P
if
)
Both time and location probability
Typical required values are 90-

95%
When calculating cell radius, LP is

50% by the cell edge and ~75%
over the cell area
To get 90% LP, the cell radius has

to be reduced
Cell Size
Slow Fading Margin
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
-
3
-
2
-
1
0 1 2 3

90% of
the area
Slow fading margin
Cell Size
Building Penetration Loss
Penetration losses have to be

added as mean value, and
standard deviation need to be
taken into account as well
type mean sigma
urban building 15 dB 7 dB
suburban 10 dB 7 dB
in-car 8 dB 5 dB
Cell Size
Coverage Thresholds
COMMON INFO DU U SU F O
MS antenna height (m): 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
BS antenna height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0
Standard Deviation (dB): 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
BPL Average (dB): 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0
Standard Deviation indoors (dB): 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F O
Area Type Correction (dB) 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0
WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O
Roads width (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
Road orientation angle (degrees): 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0
Building separation (m): 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0
Buildings average height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22,8 19,8 17,8 13,8 13,8
Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): 59,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -77,2 -80,2 -82,2 -86,2 -86,2
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,99
OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin (dB): 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 4,39 5,70 6,50 10,69 14,99
Cell Size
Example
After cell radius has been

determined, cell area can be
calculated
When calculating cell area,

traditional hexagonal model is
taken into account
R
Omni
A = 2,6 R
1
2
Bi-sector
A= 1,73 R
2
2
Tri-sector
A = 1,95 R
3
2
R
R
Cell Size
Cell Area
Cell Size
Cell Area Terms
Dominance
area
Service area
Coverage area
6dB hysteresis
margin
coverage limit
cell coverage range
cell service range
dominance range
Three hexagons
Three cells
Cell Size
Hexagons vs. Cells
Cell Size
Enhancement
Improving link budget

sensitivity
power
antennas
Reducing the effect of geography

BTS antenna heights
good network plan
Technical solutions for improving

link budget
combiner by-pass
mast head preamplifier
booster
Cell Size
Conclusion
Achievable cell size depends on

frequency band used (450, 900, 1800
MHz)
surroundings, environment
link budget figures
antenna types
antenna positioning
minimum required signal levels
Capacity Planning
Traffic (2)
Trunking (3)
Erlang (3)
Cell Capacity (4)

Traffic
Traffic Estimations
Estimate number of subscribers

over time
long-term predictions
numbers available from marketing
people?
Expected traffic load per

subscriber
different subscriber segments?
expected behaviour of user segments
Particular phone habits of

subscribers
e.g. mainly heavy indoor usage
phoning while in traffic jams?
Busy hour conditions

time of day
traffic patterns
Traffic
Traffic Patterns
Traffic is not evenly spread across

the day
(or week)
Dimensioning must be able to

cope with peak loads
busy hour is typically twice the

average hour load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24hr
%
peak time
off-peak
M potential customers
m available resources
M >> m
Problem: many customers, limited

number of resources
How many resources do we need

to satisfy the demand?
Trunking
Basics
Trunking
Trunking Effect
Trunking increases effective usage

of limited resources
when we increase the traffic, we may
not need that many new lines
Main parameter: accepted

blocking probability
Blocking depends on
number of available resources
traffic statistical distribution
time
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH ...
CH 5
CH n-2
CH n-1
CH n
Offered new
traffic
Trunking
Trunking Effect
Erlang
Definition
Erlang is the unit of traffic

definition
2 formulas
Erlang B: for systems that
support no queuing
Erlang C: for systems that
support queuing
Seconds 3600
) ( ) (
Erlangs
time on conversati average hour per calls
x

Agner Krarup Erlang (1878-1929)

Erlang
Erlang Formulas
Erlang B
no queuing:
blocked calls are
dropped
depends on
call lengths &
statistical
distribution of
calls
applicable in
mobile systems
(e.g. air
interface)
Erlang C
queuing
applicable in
trunking
systems
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
M
i
i
k
k
i
k
p
0
! /
! /
,
_
+
>
1
0
!
1 !
) 0 ( Pr
C
k
k
C
C
k
A
C
A
C A
A
delay ob
Blo c kin g Pro b a b ilit y Blo c kin g Pro b a b ilit y
Ch a n n e ls 1 % 2 % 3 % 5 % Ch a n n e ls 1 % 2 % 3 % 5 %
1 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 3 0 , 0 5 2 1 1 2 , 8 0 1 4 , 0 0 1 4 , 9 0 1 6 , 2 0
2 0 , 1 5 0 , 2 2 0 , 2 8 0 , 3 8 2 2 1 3 , 7 0 1 4 , 9 0 1 5 , 8 0 1 7 , 1 0
3 0 , 4 6 0 , 6 0 0 , 7 2 0 , 9 0 2 3 1 4 , 5 0 1 5 , 8 0 1 6 , 7 0 1 8 , 1 0
4 0 , 8 7 1 , 0 9 1 , 2 6 1 , 5 2 2 4 1 5 , 3 0 1 6 , 6 0 1 7 , 6 0 1 9 , 0 0
5 1 , 3 6 1 , 6 6 1 , 8 8 2 , 2 2 2 5 1 6 , 1 0 1 7 , 5 0 1 8 , 5 0 2 0 , 0 0
6 1 , 9 1 2 , 2 8 2 , 5 4 2 , 9 6 2 6 1 7 , 0 0 1 8 , 4 0 1 9 , 4 0 2 0 , 9 0
7 2 , 5 0 2 , 9 5 3 , 2 5 3 , 7 5 2 7 1 7 , 8 0 1 9 , 3 0 2 0 , 3 0 2 1 , 9 0
8 3 , 1 3 3 , 6 3 3 , 9 9 4 , 5 4 2 8 1 8 , 6 0 2 0 , 2 0 2 1 , 2 0 2 2 , 9 0
9 3 , 7 8 4 , 3 4 4 , 7 5 5 , 3 7 2 9 1 9 , 5 0 2 1 , 0 0 2 2 , 1 0 2 3 , 8 0
1 0 4 , 4 6 5 , 0 8 5 , 5 3 6 , 2 2 3 0 2 0 , 3 0 2 1 , 9 0 2 3 , 1 0 2 4 , 8 0
1 1 5 , 1 6 5 , 8 4 6 , 3 3 7 , 0 8 3 1 2 1 , 2 0 2 2 , 8 0 2 4 , 0 0 2 5 , 8 0
1 2 5 , 8 8 6 , 6 1 7 , 1 4 7 , 9 5 3 2 2 2 , 0 0 2 3 , 7 0 2 4 , 9 0 2 6 , 7 0
1 3 6 , 6 1 7 , 4 0 7 , 9 7 8 , 8 3 3 3 2 2 , 9 0 2 4 , 6 0 2 5 , 8 0 2 7 , 7 0
1 4 7 , 3 5 8 , 2 0 8 , 8 0 9 , 7 3 3 4 2 3 , 8 0 2 5 , 5 0 2 6 , 8 0 2 8 , 7 0
1 5 8 , 1 1 9 , 0 1 9 , 6 5 1 0 , 6 0 3 5 2 4 , 6 0 2 6 , 4 0 2 7 , 7 0 2 9 , 7 0
1 6 8 , 8 8 9 , 8 3 1 0 , 5 0 1 1 , 5 0 3 6 2 5 , 5 0 2 7 , 3 0 2 8 , 6 0 3 0 , 7 0
1 7 9 , 6 5 1 0 , 7 0 1 1 , 4 0 1 2 , 5 0 3 7 2 6 , 4 0 2 8 , 3 0 2 9 , 6 0 3 1 , 6 0
1 8 1 0 , 4 0 1 1 , 5 0 1 2 , 2 0 1 3 , 4 0 3 8 2 7 , 3 0 2 9 , 2 0 3 0 , 5 0 3 2 , 6 0
1 9 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 , 3 0 1 3 , 1 0 1 4 , 3 0 3 9 2 8 , 1 0 3 0 , 1 0 3 1 , 5 0 3 3 , 6 0
2 0 1 2 , 0 0 1 3 , 2 0 1 4 , 0 0 1 5 , 2 0 4 0 2 9 , 0 0 3 1 , 0 0 3 2 , 4 0 3 4 , 6 0
Erlang
Erlang B Table
Cell Capacity
Traffic
Traffic capacity of a cell is determined by

the number of available traffic timeslots
Trunking effect gives significant gains
TRX 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BCCH + CCCH 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1 1
SDCCH 1,5 0,5 1,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3 3
TCH 6 7 14 22 29 37 44 52
Erl (2% blocking)2,27 2,93 8,20 14,89 21,04 28,25 34,68 42,12
TCH
SDCCH
BCCH/
CCCH
Mainly realised by Stand-alone

Dedicated Control CHannel
(SDCCH)
SDCCH is mainly used in 5 cases:

call set-up
SMS
location updates
emergency call
call re-establishment
SDCCH channel is key in achieving

successful & efficient call set-up
Cell Capacity
Signalling
Cell Capacity
SDCCH Configurations
TS
0
of BCCH TRX always for BCCH
+ CCCH
TS
0
may be configured to carry
DCCH
SDCCH channels may be

configured in any other TS.
Convention (but not law!) is to put
it on TS1
2 basic configurations
combined
non-combined
Combined configuration
0
7
ts0=bcch/sdcch/4/pch/agch
Non-combined configuration
0 7
ts0=bcch/pch/agch
ts1=sdcch/8
Cell Capacity
SDCCH Dimensioning
Efficient network design is

required to achieve 2 goals
an appropriate signalling
dimensioning strategy, on a cell per
cell basis
an appropriate upgrade philosophy
SDDCH channels may be

dimensioned in 3 ways
on a cell per cell basis
on a generic macro layer (not linked
to macro/ micro cell layer definitions)
on both of the above

Network Dimensioning - GSM

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EXPLAIN v3.

0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

Radio Network Planning Process

Radio Media & Model Tuning

Parameter Planning &

Network Capacity Evolution

Input data (4)

Key quantities for radio network

Design goals are inter-dependant

When the network is coverage

When the network is capacity

Roll-out phases &

Power budget (8)

Cell size (12)

Power budget is used to calculate

Main factors depend on

Other factors can be classified into

Frequency hopping gain

No gain factors at MS side

Fast fading margin

Slow fading margin

Power budget has to be balanced,

BTS RX sensitivity is better than for

The maximum allowed path loss is

There are as many power budgets

Based on the calculated maximum

This is done by using

location probability values

basic propagation prediction formulas

Total location probability in a cell

Both time and location probability

Typical required values are 90-

When calculating cell radius, LP is

To get 90% LP, the cell radius has

Penetration losses have to be

After cell radius has been

When calculating cell area,

Improving link budget

Reducing the effect of geography

Technical solutions for improving

Achievable cell size depends on

Cell Capacity (4)

Estimate number of subscribers

Expected traffic load per

Particular phone habits of

Busy hour conditions

Traffic is not evenly spread across

Dimensioning must be able to

busy hour is typically twice the

Problem: many customers, limited

How many resources do we need

Trunking increases effective usage

Main parameter: accepted

Erlang is the unit of traffic

Agner Krarup Erlang (1878-1929)

Traffic capacity of a cell is determined by

Mainly realised by Stand-alone

SDCCH is mainly used in 5 cases:

SDCCH channel is key in achieving

SDCCH channels may be

Efficient network design is

SDDCH channels may be

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