Industrial Revolution

1790s 1860s

Goals of this Unit

To understand the conditions that existed in Great Britain that allowed for the beginning and development of the Industrial Revolution. To identify the social, political and economic changes that were necessitated by the Industrial Revolution. To be able to explain the development of new political theories in response to the realities of the Industrial Revolution. To recognize the science, technology and cultural responses to the Industrial Revolution.

Introduction

Western Europe and America dominated globe in 19th century Individuals improved tools, adopted better methods Industrialization brought greater productivity Scientists made advances, businesses discovered new opportunities Middle classes dominated, controlled industrialization, economic transformation; benefited from social, legal reforms in France, Britain, U.S.

The British Phase

The Revolution in Making Cloth

Changes in agriculture less people needed for farming Demand for more cloth output increased Putting out system subcontracting system

Example: cotton merchant makes contract with village to produce certain amount of cotton

The Revolution in Making Cloth

Solving of practical problems in cloth making set pattern for all industrial revolutions Practical people solved these practical problems

Through invention (and enhancements and redesigns)

Key Inventions
John Kay (1733): the flying shuttle James Hargreaves (1764): spinning jenny Richard Arkwright (1769): water frame Samuel Crompton (1779): water mule Edmund Cartwright (1785): power loom

Key Inventions

Eli Whitney (1793): the cotton gin

Key Inventions

James Watt (1775): Perfects steam engine

Used to make cloth, drive ships, locomotives

Effects of New Inventions

More efficient inventions

Increased industrialization

Transition from rural life to urban life

Britains Advantages

Sufficient population, hardworking, inventive Risk-taking private sector, government support Good communications, transportation, ports, merchant fleet Flexible, merit-based social structure, stable society Bank of England provided money, financial stability

Britains Advantages

Profited from need for industry during Napoleonic Wars

Continental system remember?

Expanded efficiency to iron, steel Bessemer process produced hard, malleable steel in 1850s

Steel prices drop production soars

Britains Advantages

By 1850, Britain produced:

67% of worlds coal 50% of worlds iron and cloth

By 1850, half of British population lived in cities

The Continental Phase

The Continental Phase

Industrialization and banking changes across Europe

Eastern, southern Europe more limited Nobilities, political boundaries, tariff barriers block growth of industry

Belgium

By 1850, only one to compete with British Belgium had favorable:

Government policies Stability Good transportation Why?

Other countries and businesses used spies to copy Britains secrets By 1850, whole continent caught up

New banking systems allow modern investment banks Many small investors in new banks rather than a few great families

The Zollverein

Customs union of German states (1819)

Managed trade and economies between all German Confederation Eliminated tolls, tariffs Stimulated trade, commerce Germany begins to thrive

The Continental Phase

Euro population grows during era Problems with this?

175 million 435 million
Thomas Malthus (British economist)

Malthus didnt account for

Predicts food supply wont keep up with pace of population growth Improved technology increases production of food

Why does population grow?

Decline in death rates Better sanitation More food Earlier marriages

Communication and transportation systems vastly improve

Better roads New canals

Bridgewater, Suez, Panama

Communication and transportation systems vastly improve

Railroads linked markets, brought nations together, carried people efficiently

U.S. transcontinental (1869) Russian Trans-Siberian (1903)

Communication and transportation systems vastly improve

Urban rail lines, trolleys, subways Clipper ships, steamships

Communication and transportation systems vastly improve

Better postal systems, telegraph, telephone, typewriter

The Workers of the Industrial Revolution

The New Type of Labor

Labor force went from

Agrarian work:
Work 2/3 of year, 8 hours a day Seasonal, less demanding

Factory labor
14 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52 weeks a year No holidays Intense, demanding, dangerous

The Factory System

Dangers of factory work:

Bad lighting Poor ventilation Dangerous machines No safety standards, no health or disability insurance until late 1800s No job security

Owners vs. Workers

Owners hold power, workers only have power in numbers

Child Labor

Children often worked the worst jobs

Mills, mines, etc Smaller size benefits factory and mine owners
Toughest jobs that cant be done by adults

Harder for kids to organize and protest

"Two children I know got employment in a factory when they were five years old.the spinning men or women employ children if they can get a child to do their business..the child is paid one shilling or one shilling and six pence, and they will take that (five year old) child before they take an older one who will cost more." George Gould, a Manchester merchant, written in 1816.

"The task first allotted to Robert Blincoe was to pick up the loose cotton, that fell upon the floor. Apparently nothing could be easier..although he was much terrified by the whirling motion and noise of the machinery and the dust with which he was half suffocatedhe soon felt sick and was constantly stooping; his back ached. Blincoe took the liberty to sit down. But this he soon found was strictly forbidden in cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. Smith, told him he must keep on his legs. This he did for six and a half hours without a break." John Brown, a reporter for "The Lion". Written in 1828.

"We went to the mill at five in the morning. We worked until dinner time and then to nine or ten at night; on Saturday it could be till eleven and often till twelve at night. We were sent to clean the machinery on the Sunday." Man interviewed in 1849 who had worked in a mill as a child.

"Woodward and other overlookers used to beat me with pieces of thick leather straps made supple by oil, and having an iron buckle at the end, drew blood almost every time it was applied." John Brown quoted in the "Lion" newspaper in 1828.

"Sarah Golding was poorly and so she stopped her machine. James Birch, the overlooker, knocked her to the floor. She got up as well as she could. He knocked her down again. Then she was carried to her house.......she was found dead in her bed. There was another girl called Mary......she knocked her food can to the floor. The master, Mr. Newton, kicked her and caused her to wear away till she died. There was another, Caroline Thompson, who was beaten till she went out of her mind. The overlookers used to cut off the hair of any girl caught talking to a lad. This head shaving was a dreadful punishment. We were more afraid of it than any other punishment for girls are proud of their hair." An interview in 1849 with an unknown woman who worked in a cotton factory as a child.

Women Labor
Women laborers work in factories More organization led to numerous strikes and workers rights movements Protested against factory owners for:

Better wages Better working conditions Better hours Etc

Labor Movement

Both men and women protest and strike

Attack machines as protest Frustrated skilled craftsman out of work Peterloo Massacre (1819)

Combination Acts prohibited workers associations

Repealed in 1825 Paved way for unions
Become stronger throughout 19th century

Poor Urban Conditions

European cities grew massively during Industrial Revolution Rapid increase causes many social problems Political leaders could not keep up with problems and demands
Factory system dangerous, spread of diseases Bad health conditions, alcoholism, prostitution Had to provide security, sanitation services, schools, housing Problems could not be fixed for first generation of workers

Haussmann implements city planning, urban renewal in Paris Not until 1900 did most cities start to fix problems

Socialism
System in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Industrialization is leading to selfish individualism and is breaking down community

Optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, concern for social justice Planned Economy competition is evil Rich & poor should be more equal Private property restricted or abolished Capitalism increases the misery of the working classes Ex. Charles Fouray, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen

Utopian Socialism

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Shocked by misery and poverty of working class Factory owner who wanted to improve conditions for his workers Created a Cooperative Community:
No children under ten could work Free schooling Built houses for his workers

Karl Marx and Communism

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

German economist, philosopher

Meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

Engels had experience in hardships of factory life Life-long partnership

Communist Manifesto (1848) Das Kapital (1867) Problems with Capitalism:

Factory system exploits the worker surplus value Capitalist system leads to greater division in society

Communism (Marxism)

Ideas:
Economy biggest and recurring force in history Human societies have always been divided into warring classes
Based off philosopher Freidrich Hegels theory

haves (bourgeoisie) vs. have nots (proletariat)

The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.

Marxs New World Order

Proletariat is much larger and would use its numbers to revolt Workers would create a dictatorship of the proletariat Period of cooperative living and education, then the state or government would wither away and a classless society would be developed This allows for Communism
Elimination of private property, all goods and means of production owned by the community everyone equal

The Labor Movement

Marx and others create First International in 1864

Ferdinand Lassalle forms Social Democratic political party

Successful in Germany

Large meeting in London of labor activists, anarchists, German theorists Unsuccessful due to arguments, too many different factions

France too divided, England had Fabian Society or influence of Christianity

The Labor Movement

The Second International (1889-1914)

Golden age of Marxism 12 million members, more cohesion

Goals:
8 hour workday Welfare state Universal suffrage

The Socialist Labor Movement

Successes:
Strengthened labor unions Helped workers gain labor and living improvements

How?
Sometimes gained some political power in government legislatures Sometimes caused fears of a revolution

Isms Response to Industrialization

Capitalism Liberalism

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations; Economic liberty guarantees progress

In Practice? Little to No government interventionat first

Utilitarianism Socialism

Freedom of the individual, equal rights for all, fair competition (heavily supported by the middle-class) Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill; The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number
In Practice? Not a very direct road map for legislation but rooted in socialism

System in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
In Practice? Government involvement of economy through the existing political structure

Communism

The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.
In Practice? Overthrow existing structure; Dictatorship leads to no government

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism -

People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility

Jeremy Bentham The greatest good for the greatest

number

John Stuart Mill led the movement

Cooperative system of agriculture, womens rights, reforms in legal and prison systems, education, do away with great wealth differences

Cultural Responses: Romanticism 1800-1850 Realism 1850-1880 Impressionism 1880-1905

Romanticism - Movement of Revolt

Heart vs. reason; emotion vs. intellect; mysterious vs. rational; individual vs. set formula; senses and imagination vs. everything else

the heart has its reasons which reason does not know.

Romanticism

Varied from country to country; reacts to movements Britain: industrial society France: glory of man and liberty Germany: promotion of national unification Spain: reaction against Napoleonic rule

Artists: Goya, J.M.W. Turner, Constable, Delacroix Authors: Emily Bronte, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Victor Hugo, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats, Shelley Composers: Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt

Liberty Leading the People,

Eugene Delacroix, 1830

John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows 1831

Goya, The Third of May 1808 1814

J.M.W. Turner, Rain, Steam & Speed The great Western Railway 1844

Realism
Went against Neo-Classicism and Romanticism Life as it was stripped of idealism Impact of industrialization Focus on working class

Realism
Reaction to the fluffy, bizarre, and unrealistic Romantic era Demonstrated life the way it was Fit with Marx, Bismarck, and critics of bourgeois society

Artists: Millet, Courbet, Ford Madox Brown Writers: Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, Charles Dickens

The Stone Breakers, Gustave

Courbet, 1849

Millet, The Gleaners 1857

Ford Madox Brown, Work 1852

Child Labor, illustration by

Frances Trollope, 1840

Impressionism
Color and light become the subject of the painting Free brush strokes Impacted by development of photography - daguerrotypes

Artists: Degas, Manet, Monet, Renoir, Pissaro

Pont Neuf, Paris, Adolphe

Braun, 1855

Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, Claude Monet, 1874

Rehearsal of the Ballet on the Stage, Edgar Degas, 1873

Vincent van Gogh, 1889

Cypresses, Saint-Remy,