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Learning Objectives
Identify and describe the parts of a bacterial cell and state the function of each bacterial cell structure Describe the various bacterial shapes and differentiate between the various bacterial cell arrangement and grouping.
Prokaryote vs
Eukaryote
Bacterial Cytology
Glycocalyx
Sugar coat viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
Capsule
If Glycocalyx is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall Contributes to bacterial virulence
often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host.
Slime Layer
If the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall Water soluble and is used by the prokaryotic cell to adhere to surfaces external to the cell
Flagella/ Flagellum
are made of protein and appear whip-like. long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria. Flagella propel the microorganism away from harm and towards food- taxis
Arrangements of flagella:
Atrichous- no flagella Peritrichous distributed the entire cell Monotrichous single polar
Polar, monotrichous
Pseudomonas
Polar, amphitrichous
Spirillum
Lophotrichous
Spirillum
Peritrichous
Salmonella
3 basic parts
TAXIS
1.
2.
Axial Filaments
Unique in spirochetes Endoflagella are bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell.
Hairlike appendages shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella used for attachment and transfer of DNA
can occur at the poles of the cell or evenly distributed all over Functions for cell attachment and for bacterial virulence
Cell Wall
Complex, semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell and serves as a point of anchorage for flagella prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than that ou tside the cell and serves as a point of anchorage for flagella composed of a macromolecular network called peplidoglycanmurein
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
consists of a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell Dissacharide portion: N-acetylglucosamin (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
lts strong negative charge is an important factor in evading phagocytosis and the actions of complement
a barrier to certain antibiotics, digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, detergents, heavy metals,bile salts, and certain dyes. PORIN- permit the passage of molecules Consists lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
consists of three components: a. Lipid A- endotoxin -responsible for the symptoms associated with infections
Differences
Gram +ve
Gram - ve
Mycoplasma- no cell wall - smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells
High cocentrations (60%) of a hydrophobic waxy lipid (mycolic acid) in their cell wall Stained using Acid fast staining
- mycobacterium
- nocardia
2 KINDS OF PROTEINS
Integral proteins- extends into the lipid bilayer - typically glycoproteins that act like a molecular signature that cells use to recognize each other transmembrane protein- regulates the movement of molecules through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Channel protein-forms pores or channels in the cytoplasmic membrane that permit the flow of molecules through the cytoplasmic membrane
Peripheral proteins- are on the inner and outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and have the characteristics of a polar and non-polar regions
o Passive Transport-moves substances into and out of the cell down a gradient
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion
3. osmosis
Active Transport- the movement of a substance across the cytoplasmic membrane against the gradient by using energy provided by the cell
Cytosol- intracellular fluid of a prokaryotic cell Nucleoid- where the DNAof the cell is located Ribosomes- synthesizes polypeptide -comprised of subunits consisting of protein and ribosomal RNA- rRNA - identified by their sedimentation rate.
Granule inclusion-free and densely packed, this type of inclusion has many granules each containing specific substances
Vesicle inclusion- commonly found in aquatic photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria
Endospores
are formed by only 2 genera of bacteria,both of which are gram-positive: the aerobic Bacillus and the anaerobic Clostridium.
Endospores are metabolically dormant forms of bacteria that are resistant to heat (boiling), cold, drying and chemical agents.
Bacterial Morphology
coccus (pl ural:cocci, meaning berries)- spherical
Diplococci- cocc i in pairs Streptococci- chain like patterns Tetrads- divide in two planes and remain in groups of four Sarcinae- divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight Staphylococci- divide in mult iple planes and form grapelike dusters or broad sheets
Vibrios- curved rods/ comma shaped Spirilla- helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies Monomorphic- maintain a single shape