Corn and pumpkin

Legumes

Dairy products

Cereals

MOLECULES OF LIFE
HOUR 1 1 2 1 SUBTOPIC 1.1 WATER 1.2 CARBOHYDRATES 1.4 PROTEINS 1.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

1.3 LIPIDS Click1 edit Master subtitle style to

1.1 WATER OBJECTIVES

LEARNING OUTCOMES
a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides b) describe the formation and breakdown of maltose c) describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

used for energy production and to build necessary cell components

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Source of energy ~ glucose

Energy storage

Starch glycogen

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Energy storage Glycogen in animals Starch in plants

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

COMPOSED OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

COMPOSED OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS CLASSES

MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDES Single/simple sugars Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction ie glycosidic bond Polymers of many sugars joined by more than two condensation reactions ie glycosidic bonds

POLYSACCHARIDES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates : monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDES

Simple sugar units (monomers) which make up all other carbohydrates; cannot be further hydrolysed into smaller units. Monosaccharides contains : a carbonyl group (C=O) either at 1C atom or at the 2C atom multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH)

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDES

General formula

n = 3 Trioses n = 5 Pentoses n = 6 Hexoses

glyceraldehyde ribose and deoxyribose fructose, glucose and galactose

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDES

Glyceraldehyde

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharides

MONOSACCHARIDES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

MONOSACCHARIDES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

MONOSACCHARIDES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

MONOSACCHARIDES
Characteristics: 1. Small molecule 2. Sweet tasting 3. Readily soluble in water a result of the hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon chains are polar and readily form hydrogen bonds with water molecules 4. Reducing sugar glucose acts as the reducing agent can react with Benedicts solution when heated and reduce the copper compound in the solution to yield a red precipitate

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

It can be classified based on functional group Both functional group have reducing properties ~ reducing sugars ALDOSES KETOSES
1 carbonyl group (C=O) at 1C carbonyl group 1 (C=O) at 2C is the aldehyde group is the ketone group

sugar is known as aldose 2 (aldehyde sugar) glucose

sugar is known 2 ketose as (ketone sugar) fructose

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

It can be classified based on the number of carbon

TRIOSES PENTOSES HEXOSES contains 3 carbon atoms contains 5 carbon atoms contains 6 carbon atoms C3H6O3 glyceraldehydes dihydroxyacetone C5H10O5 ribose deoxyribose C6H12O6 glucose immediate source of energy for cellular respiration galactose sugar found in milk and yogurt fructose sugar found in honey

building blocks to form larger molecules

components of nucleic acids

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

It can be classified based on the number of carbon

TRIOSES contains 3 carbon atoms C3H6O3 glyceraldehydes dihydroxyacetone

building blocks to form larger molecules

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

It can be classified based on the number of carbon

PENTOSES contains 5 carbon atoms C5H10O5 ribose deoxyribose

components of nucleic acids

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

It can be classified based on the number of carbon

HEXOSES contains 6 carbon atoms C6H12O6 glucose immediate source of energy for cellular respiration galactose sugar found in milk and yogurt fructose sugar found in honey

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

GLUCOSE 1.primary source of energy 2.provide energy basic building units for disaccharides and polysaccharides 1. glucose ~ respiratory substrate 2. hexose ~ transported in blood stream 3. create high osmotic pressure in plant cells

1.

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

GLUCOSE primary source of energy - glucose - glucose hydroxyl (-OH) group of hydroxyl (-OH) group of the 1C projects the 1C projects below upward the plane of the the plane of the ring ring

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

monosaccharide

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

dissaccharide

DISSACCHARIDES
Characteristics: 1. Small molecule (two monomers) 2. Sweet tasting 3. Water soluble 4. Non-reducing sugar

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

dissaccharide

DISSACCHARIDES

Reaction between two molecules of monosaccharides. Formed by the condensation reaction between the reducing group on one monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group on another . The bond between two molecules of monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond. The binding between the two sugars results in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other.~ release water All condensation reactions can be reversed by adding water to the glycosidic bond a.k.a. hydrolysis.

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

dissaccharide

Condensation

Hydrolysi s

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

POLYSACCHARIDES
Characteristics: 1. Large molecule 2. Not sweet 3. Insoluble in water (form colloidal solutions when added to water)

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

POLYSACCHARIDES

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

POLYSACCHARIDES

Complex carbohydrate molecules containing three or more monosaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds. Polymers that :

formed from the polymerisation of many units of glucose through condensation process

breakdown by hydrolysis into monomers

STARCH

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

Learning Outcomes : (c)describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

Used by plants to store energy. Excess glucose is converted into starch within chloroplast and other organelles. Insoluble in water

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

Learning Outcomes : (c)describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

Consists entirely of glucose molecules linked together in both linear and branched forms.

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

Learning Outcomes : (c)describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

A mixture of amylose and amylopectin

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

Learning Outcomes : (c)describe the structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose

A mixture of amylose and amylopectin

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

AMYLOSE
-1,4 glycosidic bond 1C of one glucose molecule to 4C of another

AMYLOPECTIN
-glucose molecules -1,4 glycosidic bond -1,6 glycosidic bonds 1C of one glucose molecule to 4C of another 1C of one glucose molecule to 6C of another

Forming linear Unbranched 200-1500 units Chain coils into helix by hydrogen bonds for storage

Branched helical chains Branches occur every 30 units 2000 to 200,000 -glucose Insoluble and easily digested by enzymes ~ little effect on water potential

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

GLYCOGEN

A storage polysaccharide in animals Found mainly in liver and muscle cells Structure is similar to amylopectin but more branches ~ macromolecule made from -glucose Insoluble ~ no effect on water potential

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

CELLULOSE

Structural polysaccharide in cell wall of plants ~ stable structure 6 Monomer is -glucose 5

4 3 2 1

Linked by -1,4 glycosidic bonds

1 4 1 4 1 4

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

CELLULOSE

Straight chain (no branch) Long chains of 2000-3000 units of -glucose units which are arranged in a straight parallel strands and linked by hydrogen bonds.

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

CELLULOSE

Each -glucose related to the next by a rotation of 180

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

CELLULOSE

Its hydroxyl groups are free to form hydrogen-bond with hydroxyl groups ( between O and H of different monomer) of other cellulose chains parallel to it

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

CELLULOSE

1.1 CARBOHYDRATE OBJECTIVES a) describe various forms and classes of carbohydrates :

polysaccharide

POLYSACCHARIDES