EEE464 Wireless Communication Systems

Lecture 1 Introduction

Lecturer: Imran Shoaib http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wcs2010

Course Information

Instructor: Imran Shoaib Office: 315, (Floor 3, EE building) E-mail: imran_shoaib@comsats.edu.pk Office Hours: Drop in or by appointment Pre-requisites: EEE314 Data Communications and Computer Networks EEE463 Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation Class Homepage: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wcs2010

Course Information

(cont.)

Textbook(s): Wireless Communications, Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Theodore S. Rappaport, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2002. Reference Textbook(s): Mobile Wireless Communications, M. Schwartz, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Modern Wireless Communications, S. Haykin and M. Moher, Prentice Hall, 2005. Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems, Simon Saunders and Alejandro Aragon Zavala, 2nd rev. Ed., Wiley, 2007.

Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems. Fundamentals Review. Signals and Systems. Analog Communication Systems. Digital Communication Systems. Data Communications and Wireless Networks. The Cellular Concept. Frequency Reuse. Channel Assignment Strategies. Handoff Strategies. Interference and System Capacity. Trunking and Grade of Service. Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems. Radio Signal Propagation Path Loss Modeling. Basic Propagation Mechanisms: Reflection, Diffraction and Scattering. Definition of Path Loss. Free-space Propagation Model. Two-ray Propagation Model. Empirical and Physical Models for Macro- and Pico- cells. Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling.

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Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered

(cont.)

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Radio Signal Propagation Shadowing. Introduction. Statistical and Physical Characterization. Impact on Coverage and Capacity.
Radio Signal Propagation Narrowband Fast Fading. Introduction. Baseband Channel Representation. AWGN Channel. Narrowband Fading Channel. Physical Basis of Fast Fading: Rayleigh and Rician Characterization. 2nd order statistics: Doppler Effect, Level-crossing Rate, Average Fade Duration. Radio Signal Propagation Wideband Fast Fading. Introduction. Effects of Wideband Fading. Wideband Channel Model. Power Delay Profile. Wideband Channel Parameters. Overcoming Wideband Channel Impairments. Multiple Access Methods FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA.

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Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered Equalization. Introduction. Linear Equalizers. Non-linear Equalizers. Adaptive Equalization.

(cont.)

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Diversity. Introduction. Micro- and Macro- Diversity. Combining Methods. OFDM. What is OFDM? (basic definition) Why OFDM? (motivation) How can we transmit via OFDM? When/Where is OFDM used? (history & use) OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages. Existing Wireless Systems AMPS & GSM. Introduction. Structure and Operation of AMPS. Security Issues with 1G. GSM Evolution.

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Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered

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(continued) Infrastructure and Radio Specifications. Operation of GSM. Security and Authentication. SMS, GPRS, EDGE. Introduction. System Architecture. Impact on Existing Cellular Networks. Evolutionary Benefits. Existing Wireless Systems IS-95. Introduction. CDMA Evolution. IS-95 (CDMAone). CDMA2000. Existing Wireless Systems UMTS. Introduction to 3G Systems: IMT-2000 Family. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS): Network Architecture. Domains and Interfaces, Handover Types in UMTS/GSM. Key Features in Future Mobile and Wireless Networks.

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Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered

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Wireless Local Area Networks IEEE802.11. History and Development. 802.11 Architecture Overview. 802.11 Layer Architecture and Functions. IEEE802.11 a/b/g/n standards. IEEE802.11 Handoff Management. Wireless Personal Area Networks Bluetooth. What is Bluetooth? Radio Specifications. Architecture Overview. Connection Management. Wireless Local Loops. Introduction to WLL. MMDS / LMDS. IEEE802.16 Protocols. WiMAX. Evolving Wireless Systems HSPA. Introduction to High Speed Packet Access. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

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Course Content
Lecture # Topics covered

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Beyond 3G LTE. History and Development. Some Key LTE Technologies, including OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The 3GPP LTE Standard. Mobile WiMAX Standard Summary. LTE and Mobile WiMAX Comparison. MIMO Wireless Communications. History of the Concept. The Need of Multiple Antennas. Benefits of MIMO Technology. MIMO Channel Model and Capacity. Seminar Latest Trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications. Seminar Special Topics in Wireless Communications. Course Review.

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Grading Policy
Assignments Quiz Sessional-1 Sessional-2 Terminal Exam

(maximum 100 marks)

10% 15% (a maximum of 6 marks shall be given to the class project1) 10% 15% 50%

1Class

Project: A seminar followed by a formal report on the Latest trends in Cellular Radio and Personal Communications. Groups of three are allowed.

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Class Project
List of topics

(maximum 6 marks)

Femtocells. Vertical Handoff. The Significance of OFDM. Wireless Body Area Networks. Wireless Personal Area Networks. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE and ETSI Wireless Standards. WiMAX: Architecture and Specifications. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 4G Mobile Broadband.

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What is wireless communication?

Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact. Mode of transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical wires. The term wireless should not be confused with the term cordless, which is a subclass of wireless.

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Why wireless communication?

User mobility tetherless connectivity Reduced infrastructure cost reduced cabling Flexibility stay connected anywhere anytime Portable devices small volume, light enough to be carried

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General Terms involved in Wireless Communication Systems

Mobile Station A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations. These may be hand-held personal units (portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles). Base Station A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the centre or on the edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on a tower. Transceiver A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio signals. Mobile Switching Center Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO). Channel A path over which electrical signals can pass. It can also be defined as the medium of wave propagation.

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General Terms involved in Wireless Communication Systems (cont.)

Control Channel Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation, and other control purposes. Forward (Downlink) Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from base station to the mobile. Reverse (Uplink) Channel Radio channel used for transmission of information from the mobile to base station. Handoff The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another. Roamer A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that from which service has been subscribed. Subscriber A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile communication system.

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Challenges of Mobility
The use of radio channels demand methods of sharing them channel access. The quality of the path a more challenging problem than with wires. Propagation media is a time-varying channel. Bandwidth: it is possible to add wires but no bandwidth. Spectrum is allocated by state rules so it is important to develop technologies that provide for channel reuse. Privacy and Security a more difficult issue than with the wired communications. Others: battery power consumption, handoff, etc.

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Degrees of Mobility
Walking users
Low speed Small roaming area Usually uses high-bandwidth/low-latency access

Vehicles
High speeds Large roaming area Usually uses low bandwidth/high-latency access Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

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History of Wireless Communications

(cont.)
1896: Marconi
first demonstration of wireless telegraphy transmission of radio waves to a ship at sea 29km away long wave transmission, high power req. (200kW and +) Telegraph across the Atlantic ocean close to 3000km hop

1901: Marconi

1907: Commercial transatlantic connections 1915: Wireless telephony established 1920: Marconi
NY San Francisco Virginia and Paris discovery of short waves (<100m) reflection at the ionosphere inexpensive and smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube. huge ground stations (30 x 100 m antennas)

1920s: radio broadcasting became popular 1928: many TV broadcast trials

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History of Wireless Communications

(cont.)
1930s: TV broadcasting deployment 1946: first public mobile telephone service in US
single cell system brought mobile telephony to masses

1960s: Bell Labs developed cellular concept 1960s: communications satellites launched Late 1970s: technology advances enable affordable cellular telephony
development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware entering the modern cellular era
AMPS, Chicago Analog signals (AMPS, NMT, FDMA, FM)

1974-1978: first field trial for cellular system

1983: 1st generation systems were deployed Early 1990s: 2nd generation systems were deployed
Digital signals (GSM, IS-136, IS-95, TDMA)

2000-01: 3rd generation systems were deployed

Korea and Japan (IMT2000 standard, UMTS, CDMA2000)

200?: 4G (LTE, UMB)

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History of Wireless Communications

(cont.)
cellular phones
1981: NMT 450 1983: AMPS

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1982: Inmarsat-A 1984: CT1

1986: NMT 900 1988: Inmarsat-C

1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 199x: proprietary 1997: IEEE 802.11 1999: 802.11b, Bluetooth 2000: IEEE 802.11a

1992: GSM

1991: CDMA

1991: D-AMPS

1993: PDC

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M 1998: Iridium

1994: DCS 1800

analogue

2000: GPRS

2001: IMT-2000 200?: Fourth Generation

digital

4G fourth generation: when and how?

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Amateur radio Cellular systems Wireless LANs Satellite Systems

Paging Systems
Bluetooth headsets Ultra-wide band radios
Figure. A typical cellular network

Zigbee radios
Land-sea communication systems, etc...

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Satellite Network Wireless Wide Area Networks Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless Personal Area Networks

(cont.)

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Wireless Networks in comparison to Fixed Networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference
emissions of, e.g., engines, lightening

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied
local some Mbits/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbits/s with GSM/GPRS connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems radio interface accessible to everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms are very important

Low transmission rates

Higher delays, higher jitter

Lower security, simpler active attacking

Always shared medium

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READING ASSIGNMENT!!
Review concepts developed in
Analog and Digital Communications. Data Communications and Computer Networks.

Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Communications

Wireless Communications, Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University Press, 2005.