Analytical Chemistry

Chapter II Solutions

Chapter II: Solutions

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

Mixtures Nature Types Formation of Liquid solution Factors that Affect the Rate of a Solution Saturated solutions and Solubility Factors Affecting Solubility Concentration of solutions

Types of Mixture Solution

a) b)

A. Mixture
Colloids Suspension
Suspended particles a) Dispersed particles a) b. Dispersing medium
b)

1. Parts

Solute solvent

medium

2. Size of particles 3. No. of Phases 4. Stability

< 10 Angstrom 10-1000 Angstrom >1000 Angstrom 1 phase 2 phases 2 phases Stable since particles do not settle down on standing Stable since particles do not settle down on standing Unstable since particles settle down on standing

B. Nature of solutions

Solution Solute Solvent For example: Normal Saline Solution

Types of Solutions

C. Types of Solutions
Solute
Solid Liquid gas Solid Liquid gas Solid Liquid gas

Types
A. Liquid Solution 1. Solid liquid 2. Liquid liquid 3. Gas- liquid B. Solid solution 1. solid- solid 2. Liquid solid 3. Gas - solid C. Gaseous Solution 1. Solid gas 2. Liquid gas 3. Gas- gas

Solvent Examples
Liquid Liquid liquid Solid Solid Solid Gas Gas Gas Sugar in water Oil in gasoline CO2 in water Au in Cu
Amalgam, Hg in Ag

H2 in Pd
Naphthalene in air Water vapor in air Oxygen in air

D. Formation of Solution

Solvation Hydration or Aquation

E. Factors that Affect the Rate of Formation of a Solution

1. 2. 3.

Particle Size Stirring Temperature

F. Saturated solutions and solubility

Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solubility Miscible

G. Factors Affecting Solubility

1. 2. 3.

Nature of solute and solvent Temperature Pressure

H. Concentration of Solutions
1.

Percent by Mass The number of grams of solute per 100 g of solution mass solute x 100% % by mass = mass solution Where: mass solution = mass solute + mass of solvent Ex. 20% by mass aqueous NaCl

Problem Solving:
a. If 5.00 g sugar is dissolved in H20 to make a 50.0 g solution, what is the % by mass of the resulting solution? b. How is a 200 g of 10% by mass aqueous solution of NaCl prepared?

2. Percent by volume

The number of volumes of solute per 100 volumes of the solution V solute x 100% % by vol = V solution Where: V solution = vol of solute + vol of solvent Ex. 40% alcohol by volume

Problem Solving:
a. How many mL acetic acid is present in 1liter of a 3.5% by volume vinegar?

The ratio of the number of moles of the component (sol or solvent) to the total number of moles XA = nA and XB = nB

3. Mole Fraction

nT

nT

Where: XA = mole fraction of solute XB = mole fraction of solvent n = mass of substance / molar mass nA = no. of moles of solute nB = no. of moles of solvent nT = total no. of moles

Problem Solving:
1.

If 8.00 g NaOH (MM=40g/mol) is dissolved in 90.0 g H2O (MM = 18 g/mol), calculate the mole fraction of the solute.

4. Molarity

It gives the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution where: n = no. of moles M = n solute V = volume V solution

Problem Solving:

1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 22 g CaCl2 (MM=110) to make a 100 mL solution. How many grams of H2SO4 (MM=98) in a 500 mL of a 4.00 M solution?

5. Normality

The number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution

N = eq solute V solution eq (no. of equivalents of solute) = mass solute EM solute Where EM solute (equivalent mass solute) = MM solute f
Where : f = chemical factor (equivalent / mol) = no. or replaceable H+ (if an acid) = no. or replaceable OH-(if a base) = no. of total positive valence (if salt)

Problem Solving:
1.

Find the equivalent mass (EM) of HCl, Ca(OH)2 and Al2(SO4)3. If 10 g of H3PO4 is added to H2O to make 200 mL solution, what is the normality of the solution? How many grams of Ca(OH)2 (MM=74) are needed to prepare 150 mL of a 0.5 N solution?

2.

3.

6. Molality

The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent m = n solute kg solvent

Problem Solving:
1.

2.

What is the molal concentration of a 10% by mass NaCl solution? How many grams of CaCl2 (MM = 110 g/mol) should be dissolved in 150 g H20 to make a 0.40 m solution?

7. Dilution

The addition of more solvent to solution to lower its concentration. C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

Problem Solving:
1.

2.

If 200 mL of a 6.0 M NaCl is diluted to 500 mL, what is the molarity of the resulting solution? How many mL of 12 M HCl should be diluted to 150 mL to make a 4.0 M solution?