00_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Case Study : How to do integration and differentiation before digital electronic computers
Choice #1: analytically

BUT: for calculation of e.g. the times of high tide and low tides this was not feasible
Solution: mechanical Integrators and Differentiators large machines High cost, not always too accurate (http://www.usscod.org/tdc-restore.html)

From the 1950s 1960s: analogue electronic integrators with the help of OP AMPs

1 W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as an integrator:
Why does it integrate the input voltage?

2 W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as an integrator:

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as an integrator:

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Improvement of plot?

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Improvement of plot? Log log plot straight line slope -1

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as differentiator:

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as differentiator:

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op Amp as integrator / differentiator:

Up to now, we have done our calculations in the time domain The magnitude and the phase shift of the output signal can of course - also be worked out using
the frequency representation, i.e. the complex reactance of the capacitor including the negative sign of the gain

Xc = -j/C
Gain = - Xc/RI for the integrator (i.e. Inverting amp and an additional phase shift of -90 degrees)
W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012 9

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op amp as a square wave oscillator:

2 feedback paths

W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012

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21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op amp as a square wave oscillator:

- How does this work out in detail? - NI = non inverting input, II= inverting input

2 1
W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012 11

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op amp as a square wave oscillator:

- How does this work out in detail?

1
W. Bergholz GEE2 Spring 2012 12

21_Op Amp intergrator, diff and other applications

Op amp as a square wave oscillator:

- Result

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