WATER CONSERVATION

Necessity for Sustainable Growth

SIRAJ U. AHMED DEPARTMENT OF CIVL ENGG. J.M.I University New Delhi

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER

Water is one of the main spring elements of our existence Water provides life and colour to our earth. Water & Water but nothing to drink Water: Nectar turning into poison Improved water supply and sanitation has significant impacts on various spheres of life, from health to time savings to social status. Access to water supply and sanitation has improved in the last 20 years but it has neither been as widespread nor as rapid as had been expected.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER
Annually, there are around 2.4 million deaths related to

water and sanitation It is estimated that every second death (50%) due to water related diseases is because of diarrhoeal diseases. There is a direct relationship between sanitation and health It is an established fact that when piped water is supplied either into or near the household, reductions upto (20%) in total mortality and (40%) in diarrhoeal disease mortality would occur. Half of the hospital beds of developing world are occupied because of unsafe water.

Why Conserve Water

ONLY SOURCE OF CLEAN WATER IS RAIN WATER IRRIGATION IS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN CROP

PRODUCTION DRINKING WATER BECAME SCARCE RAIN IS A NATURAL SOURCE OF IRRIGATION RAIN FALL IS RESTRICTED TO MERE 100 DAYS RAIN WATER REACHES SEA WITHIN 48 HOURS GROUND WATER STATUS IS FAST DEPLETING CATCHMENT AREAS HAD BECOME UNCOVERED CHANGING LIFE STYLE DOESNT ALLOW WATER TO PERCOLATE THIRD WORLD WAR WILL BE FOR WATER

Where Conserve Water

AT THE CATCHMENT AREAS AND WATER

SHED LEVEL Macro Scale AT THE INSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION Meso Scale AT HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Micro Scale

When to Conserve Water

DURING PRE MONSOON DURING MONSOON DURING RECEDENCE OF MONSOON DURING MANUFECTURING

DURING IRRIGATION
DURING DOMESTIC UTILIZATION

24 Hours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year 70 years of life

Water Recycling in Hydrologic Cycling

Waste Water

Reclaimed Water
Water Reuse

Smaller Recycle loops Public Health Engineering Economics Aesthetic Public acceptance

Life depends on water

Natures Water Cycle

WHAT IS A WATERSHED ?
A watershed is an area of land from which surface water drains into a single outlet like a stream or a river or a lake. The rain water flows from the ridges, along the slopes, into the nallas and finally collects in the village ponds. This entire area with one common drainage is called a watershed.

Watershed area

-Small Stream = Few Hectares -Large River = Many Square Kilometeres -Ideal = 1000 to 2500 Hectares -Implementation Period = 2- 3 years.

Average of 52 inches of rain per year Almost 45 inches lost to evaporation and transpiration 52 of rain
42 Lost

Two SeasonsWet & Dry

70% of annual rain falls during summer Replenishes lakes and underground aquifers

INDIAN SCENARIO
WATER AVAILABLITY/PER PERSON

YEAR 1951 1999 2050

Cu. M. 3450 1250 760

How to Conserve Water

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES

WATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES CROP MANAGEMENT MEASURES

Do the Math
One drop per second from a

leaky faucet = 2,700 gallons per year!

In a city of 10,000 homes =

27 MILLION gallons!!!

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

DIGGING OF PITS IN CATCHMENT AREA AND

FARM CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK DAMS AND/SUBSURFACE DAMS ADOPTION OF TERRACE CULTIVATION IN SLOPY LANDS CONTOUR BUNDING CONTOUR TRENCHING ANY OTHER METHOD WHICH WILL HELP SOIL CONSERVATION

WHAT IS WATER HARVESTING?

It means capturing rain water where it falls or capturing the run off in your own village or town. and taking measures to keep that water clean by not allowing polluting activities to take place in the catchment. Water harvesting through: Capturing runoff from rooftops Capturing runoff from local catchments Capturing seasonal floodwaters from local streams Capturing and Conserving water through watershed management

 CONSERVE FOREST

CONSERVE WATER CONSERVING STRUCTURES

LIKE PONDS,PADDDY FIELD ETC; FLOOD MANAGEMENT RIVER LINKING WATER RESERVOIR AND DAMS ANY OTHER MEASURES WHICH WILL LEAD TO WATER CONSERVATION

Rural scenario
Let us assume that Indias 587,000 villages can harvest the runoff from 200 million hectares of land, excluding inaccessible forest areas, high mountains and other uninhabited terrains, that still gives every village an average access to 340 hectares or a rainfall endowment of 3.75 billion liters of water. These calculation show the potential of rainwater harvesting is enormous .

 INCREASING WATER USE EFFICIENCY

IRRIGATE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS ONLY

UTILISE NON-TOXIC WASTE WATER FOR

IRRIGATION (SEWAGE MANAGEMENT) PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT (PIM) CULTIVATION OF CROPS/VARIETIES ACCORDING TO THE MINIMUM WATER AVAILABILITY EXPECTED SUMMER PLOUHING MULCHING ADOPTING HI-TECH PRACTICES

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

Groundwater dams are structures that intercept or obstruct the natural flow of groundwater and provide storage for water underground. They have been used in several parts of the world, notably India, Africa and Brazil. A sub-surface dam intercepts or obstructs the flow of an aquifer and reduces the variation of the level of the groundwater table upstream of the dam. It is built entirely under the ground

Water Savings Incentive Program (Water SIP)

Cooperative 50/50 funding up to $50,000
Technology-based water conservation

projects

Start Saving Water Today

Bathroom
5 min showers. (Saves 75 gal/wk/person) low-flow showerheads. (Saves 230 gal/wk) Shallow baths. (Saves 100 gal/wk/person) Water displacement toilet device. (Saves 50 gal/wk) (Saves 350 gal/wk)

Ultra-low flush toilets.

Start Saving Water Today

Repair toilet leaks. Drop teaspoon of food coloring in tank. If color appears in bowl after 15 min, replace flapper valve. (Saves 100 gal/wk/toilet) Turn water off while brushing teeth. (Saves 35 gal/wk/person) Repair leaky faucets, fixtures and pipes around your home. (Saves 150 gal/leak) Wash only full laundry loads. (Saves 100 gal/wk)

Start Saving Water Today

Water lawns once a week, early in the morning or after the sun sets. (Saves 250 gal/wk) Adjust sprinklers- dont spray sidewalks. Test sprinkler systems periodically for proper application. (Varies~ 250 gal/wk) Set lawn mower blades one notch higher. Use Bark, peat moss, or gravel to cover bare ground in gardens and around trees. (Saves 200 gal/wk)

Start Saving Water Today

Dishwasher full loads only. (Saves 30 gal/wk) Put food waste in trash/rinse plates w/short blasts of water. (Saves 60 gal/wk) Run garbage disposal on alternate days. (Saves 25 gal/wk)

Natural & Man Made Recycling

Watering your lawn every other day for 15-30 minutes adds up to 7 feet of water per year MORE than what your grass needs to stay green and healthy

Water Use-Where it goes...

Total Water 100 Units Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 71 Units Non-economic Evaporation 32 Units Evapotranspiration Crops, pasture, forest 39 Units Streamflow 29 Units

Not Withdraw from streamflow 20 Units

Irrigation 3 Units

Industry 5 Units

Municipal/ Rural 1 Unit

Water early in the day best before sunrise Water deeply = longer roots Keep mower blades sharp and raise the blade Dont fertilize until summer rains

Demands of Various Sectors

1400
Demand(Billion cubic metre)

Evaporation Losses Environment (Ecology) Inland Navigation Power Industries Domestic 1997 2010 2025 2050 Irrigation

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Waste Water Reuse Categories

Issues & Constraints

Advantages of Root Zone Treatment System

Electricity Consumption

Regular Maintenance
Continuos Supervision Chemical Consumption Can Absorb Shocking Load Climatic Condition for Efficient

No (Almost) No No No YES Tropical Less Positive

Performance
Initial Investment
Impact on Landscape

Theory of Sewage Treatment By Root Zone Treatment System

Decomposition of organic load is done in the following three

steps
1.Metabolism of micro organisms. 2.Metabolism of plants (halophytes). 3.Immobilization in the soil and filter material respectively.
The above action of soil, plants and sewage gives rise to a

complex interaction of physical chemical and biological process

Chemical Parameter SERIES 1

Hydraulic Loading: 48 l/m2/d Type of Bed
S.No. Sample Code pH

HORIZONTAL
T.S.S. mg/l C.O.D mg/. B.O.D. mg/l

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. H2 H1

INF.

7.7 7.83

191 13 384 405 928 12 413 471 2981

403 222 284 429 811 106 193 168 214

54 21 56 102 303 4 24 2 12

H11 H12 H13

7.67 7.56 7.49 7.52

H21 H22 H23

7.53 7.41 7.22

SERIES-4
Hydraulic Loading Rate Horizontal Bed :43 l/m2/day Vertical Bed :93 l/m2/day
S.No. Sample Code pH T.D.S. mg/l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 H1 H2 V1 V2 INF H1(1) H1(2) H1(3) H2(1) H2(2) H2(3) V1(3) V1(4) V2(3) 7.45 7.23 7.1 7.24 6.57 7.16 7.23 7.2 7.22 7.25 7.45 6.95 7.98 7.16 3824 3912 4220 2852 3056 2900 2756 2832 2720 2852 2788 3300 3344 2712 C.O.D. mg/l 71 106 94 71 1888 340 217 345 183 194 144 63 90 325 B.O.D. mg/l 12 22 17 23 1066 162 84 72 66 36 56 2 8 125 Po4-P mg/l 3.4 0.86 0.72 4.43 2.38 3.96 3.07 4.21 6.48 5.73 5.54 0.18 0.83 0.92 TKN mg/l 10.36 13.7 10.9 16.5 61 Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done Not Done

15

V2(4)

7.18

2952

40

0.51

Not Done

Chemical Parameter Series 4

Efficiency Vs B.O.D. Loading of H1

Influent B.O.D.

Hydraulic Loading Rate

Final B.O.D. of H2

B.O.D. Loading

Efficiency

mg/l a 1580 1066 784 448

l/m2/d b 24.71 43 48 75 c 19 12 76 121

g/m2/d axb/1000 39.04 45.84 37.63 33.60

% (a-c)x100/a 98.80 98.87 90.31 72.99

Microbiological Parameter
SAMPLING LOCATION FAECAL COLIFORMS TOTAL COLIFORMS

l/m2/d

Nos./100 ml

Nos./100 ml

INF H1 H2 V1 V2

420000 0 0 100 200

27100000 158000 55000 18000 85000

Conclusion
The samples of influent. Interim and out flow were analyzed for pH, BOD,

(Efficiency as high as 90%) (Efficiency as high as 90%) (Efficiency as high as 60%) (Efficiency as high as 70%) (Efficiency as high as 99.9%)

COD,

PO4, TKN Total and Faceal Coliforms .

The result were very encouraging for all parameters accept TDS

It was also concluded by experiments that vertical beds can treat BOD

effectively as high as 125 gm/m2/day and Horizontal beds 45

gm/m2/day (greater that the limits being recommended )

CONCLUSION
Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should

be optimised and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.

Conservation consciousness should be promoted through

education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.

The resources should be conserved and the availability

augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.

CONCLUSION
Water is essential for our survival and personal cleanliness. (Blue

Gold) Every religion has given due importance to water. Holy Quran says: It is He who send down water upon you from heaven with which to purify you.(8:11). Natural water is pure and meant for purifications. Minimization of contamination and conservation of water by low cost and low maintenance technology appears to be the key for healthy life and sustainable development as Mahatma Gandhi very appropriately said Mother Nature can meet the need of all but not the greed of one