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Pharmacology
NEGATIVE feedback:
High plasma levels
POSITIVE feedback:
Low plasma levels
Anatomoy & Physiology
Neurohormonal Reflex
Release of oxytocin from the P.P.
Stimulation of the udder by a nursing calf
parturition
Stimulation of the cerebral cortex by
stimulation, superovulation
Hormones of reproduction used
in practice
Estrogens:
Synthesized by ovaries, testes, adrenal
cortex, and placenta, or synthetic in origin
Growth and development of female gonads
and female characteristics
Inhibit ovulation, increase uterine tone,
proliferation of endometrium
Uses: persistent CL, expulsion of retained
fetal membranes, weight gain, urinary
incontinence, induction of estrus during non-
breeding season
Hormones of reproduction used
in practice
Estrogens:
Examples: ECP, DES, implants
Side effects/toxicity: Severe anemia,
prolonged estrus, follicular cysts, cervical
cancer and developmental anomalies in
female offspring of women who take DES
while pregnant (BANNED in food animals).
Should not be given during pregnancy.
Hormones of reproduction used
in practice
Androgens:
Male sex hormones produced in the ovaries,
testicles, adrenal cortex.
Growth and development of male gonads,
characteristics and libido. Also promote
tissue anabolism, weight gain, RBC formation
Examples:
Testosterone: C-III controlled substances
Milberone: prevent estrus by blocking release of
progestin-responsive dermatitis
Examples:
drug
Altrenogest (Regu-mate): for mares to suppress
eruptions
Passed in milk from queen to kittens
Thyroid Hormones
Hyperthyroidism drugs:
Carbimazole
Canadian methimazole
Ipodate:
Organic iodine compound which inhibits the
conversion of T4 to T3
For use in cats that don’t tolerate methimazole
Propylthiouracil
Antithyroid drug, dangerous in cats – potential
hematological complications
Radioactive Iodine (I-131)
Scintigraphy of I-131 treated cat
with hyperactive thyroid
Drugs for D. M.
Insulin
Source: Pancreas
Cells: islets of Langerhans or Beta cells
Always produced with GLUCAGON (alpha cells)
Action: decreases blood glucose levels by what
mechanism?
Also inhibits breakdown of fat, protein and glycogen
into forms that can be used as energy
Promotes synthesis of protein, fatty acids, and
glycogen.
Drugs for D. M.
Diabetes Mellitus
Complex disease: inability of the beta cells to produce
enough insulin, OR from altered insulin action on cells
(altered or faulty insulin receptors).
Inadequate secretion of insulin = TYPE I or insulin dependent
Resistance of tissue to the effects of insulin = TYPE II or
Diazoxide (Proglycem)
Octreotide (Sandostatin)
Boldenone Undecylenate
Horses – anabolic activity, little androgenic activity
Equipose
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