Systems of Forces and Moments

Equivalent Force Systems

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Dynamics and You
2
Equivalent Force Systems
Two force and moment systems (1 and 2) are
equivalent if they make equivalent contributions to
the equilibrium equations. In other words,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
F F
M M


=
=
1 2
1 2
P P
P P
P
F
r
M
rP
M F
3
F
2
F
1
Equivalent
Q
F
r
d Equivalent
3
Equivalent Force Systems:
Example
Find the point force that is equivalent to the
distributed load shown
in. 67 . 6
lbs. 750
lbs. - in. 5000
Therefore,
is origin the
from located be must force resultant he at which t distance the
Handbook, Engineer ABDR in the 3.6.2.2 section to According
lbs. - in. 5000 15 ) (
is origin about the moment resultant The
lbs. 750 15 ) (
is line a along on distributi force this of resultant force The
10
0
2
10
0
10
0
10
0
= =
=
= = =
= = =
} }
} }
d
F
M
d
dx x dx x w x M
dx x dx x w F
r
r
r
r
wx x ( ) =15
10 in.
F
r
6.7 in.
4
Typical Equivalent Force Systems
x
c
L
w x ( )
w
o
x
c
L
F
w
l
F
F
w x ( )
w x ( )
w
l
x
c
L
w x
( )
w =
F wL =
xc
L
2
--- =
w x
( )
w
1
w
0

L
-------------------
\ .
| |
x w
0
+ =
F
w
1
w
0
+
2
--------------------
\ .
| |
L =
xc
2w
1
w
0
+
( )
L
3 w
1
w
0
+
( )
-------------------------------- =
w x
( )
w
1
x
L
--- =
F
2
3
--- w
1
L =
x
c
3
5
---L =
5
Equivalent Force Systems:
Example
Example: Represent the loaded structure with one force and
one moment vector at point A.
10 in
5 in
500 lbs
300 lbs
200 lbs
1800 in lbs
750 lbs
10 in
5 in
500 lbs
300 lbs
200 lbs
150 lbs/in
1800 in lbs
A
6
Equivalent Force Systems:
Example
Example: Represent the loaded structure with one force and
one moment vector at point A.
10 in
5 in
500 lbs
300 lbs
200 lbs
1800 in lbs
750 lbs
10 in
5 in
500 lbs
300 lbs 200 lbs
1800 in lbs
A
750 lbs
5000 in lbs
1000 in lbs
7
Equivalent Force Systems:
Example
10 in
5 in
500 lbs
300 lbs 200 lbs
1800 in lbs
A
750 lbs
5000 in lbs
1000 in lbs
A
500 lbs
250 lbs
5800 in lbs
A
559 lbs
5800 in lbs
27 degrees
OR
We are able to do this under the assumption the
truss structure is infinitely stiff
8
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Graphical representation of the shear and bending
loads along the length of a beam.
By applying equilibrium equations to the sectioned
structure, one obtains the axial, shear, and bending
moment loads as functions of the X-coordinate
Discontinuous at points where loading abruptly
changes
(therefore section between points where loading is
discontinuous)
9
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Our sign convention will be as
follows:
Positive shear on the positive
face
Positive moment on the
positive face
Distributed loads are positive
in the positive y-direction
M
V
V+dV
M+dM
dx
O
w(x)
y
x
+ V + M
10
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
This beam is loaded with a
uniform distributed load.
Cut out a section of this beam and replace the
removed portions with shear forces and bending
moments.
Now, sum the forces and moments:
( )
( )
F V V dV wdx
dV wdx w
dV
dx
M M V dx wdx
dx
M dM
dM V dx V
dM
dx
y
O
= + + + =
= =
= + + + =
= =

0
2
0
Differential relation-
ships between M, V,
and w.
w(x)
R
y
x
y
(a)
M
V
V+dV
M+dM
dx
O
(b)
w(x)
y
x
R
x
M
A
dx x
x+dx
11
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Integral Relationships
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Given
dV
dx
w and
dM
dx
V
dV x
dx
dx w x dx C V x w x dx C
dM x
dx
dx V x dx C M x V x dx C
:
( )
= =
= + = +
= + = +
} } }
} } }
The integral relationships are then found by integrating both sides of the equations.
1 1
2 2
12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Solution Process
Solve for reaction loads at the supports
Divide beam into sections based on changes in applied load
Make cuts inside each section and replace discarded piece
of beam with a shear force and a bending moment. Obey
sign conventions
Solve for shear force and bending moment within each
section
Summation of forces and moments (preferred)
Using integral / differential relationships (more difficult)
Take into account first order discontinuities caused by
concentrated loads and moments
Graph the results
13
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
10 5 5 5 15
Graph the shear and bending moment diagram for this
beam using the summation of forces method. Go one
section at a time.
14
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
The first step is to solve for the reaction loads. To do this,
we need a free body diagram.
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
lbs 3 . 3453 lbs 3 . 2203
lbs in 3 . 86333 in 25
0 in 40 lbs 3000 in 25 in
3
1
23 lbs 1250 lbs in 2000 in 5 lbs 500
lbs 1250
0
0 lbs 3000 lbs 1250 lbs 500
= =
=
= + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
= +
= =
= + + + =

y y
y
y A
y y
x x
y y y
B A
B
B M
B A
A F
B A F
Notice how Ive
already calculated
the equivalent
concentrated loads
for the distributed
loads.
15
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
Section 1.
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
F lbs
lbs
in
in
lbs
lbs in
lbs
in
in in
in lbs
y

= +
|
\

|
.
| + =
= +
= +
|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
| =
=
22033 50 0
50 22033
22033 50
2
0
25 22033
2
.
( ) .
.
( ) .
x V
V x x
M M x x
x
M x x x
O
For 0 < x < 10 in
16
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
Section 2:
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
F V
V x
M x x M
M x x
y
O
= +
|
\

|
.
| + =
=
=
|
\

|
.
| + =
= +

22033 50 10 0
17033
22033 50 10 5 0
17033 2500
.
( ) .
.
( ) .
lbs
lbs
in
in
lbs
lbs in
lbs
in
in in in
in lbs
For 10 in < x < 15 in
17
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
Section 3:
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
F V
V x
M x x M
M x x
y
O
= +
|
\

|
.
| + =
=
=
|
\

|
.
| + + =
= +

22033 50 10 0
17033
22033 50 10 5 2000 0
17033 4500
.
( ) .
.
( ) .
lbs
lbs
in
in
lbs
lbs in
lbs
in
in in in in lbs
in lbs
For 15 in < x < 20 in
18
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
Section 4:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
F x x V
V x x x
M x x
x x x M
M x x x x
y
O
= +
|
\

|
.
| +

(
+ =
= +
=
|
\

|
.
| +

(
+ =
= +
|

22033 50 10
1
2
20 100 20 0
50 2000 18296 7
22033 50 10 5 2000
1
3
20
1
2
20 100 20 0
50
3
1000 18296 7
413500
3
2
3 2
.
( ) .
.
( ) .
lbs
lbs
in
in in in
lbs
in
lbs
lbs in
lbs
in
in in in in lbs
in in in in
lbs
in
\

|
.
| in lbs
For 20 in < x < 25 in
19
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
Section 5:
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
F V
V x lbs
M x x
x x M
M x x
y
O
= +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
| + + =
=
=
|
\

|
.
| +

|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
| + =
=

22033 50 10
1
2
500 5 34533 0
3000
22033 50 10 5 2000
1
2
500 5 23
1
3
34533 25 0
3000 120000
. .
( )
.
.
( )
lbs
lbs
in
in
lbs
in
in lbs
lbs in
lbs
in
in in in in lbs
lbs
in
in in in lbs in in
in lbs
For 25 in < x < 40 in
20
Shear / Bending Moment: Example
50 lbs/in
3000 lbs
500 lbs/in
10" 5" 5" 5" 15"
3000
453
1703
2203
+
-
19533
28050
30050
38566
44992
V(x)
lbs
M(x)
in lbs
-
+
1
2 3
5
2000 in-lbs
B
A
21
Dynamic Forces
ABDR avoids dynamic analysis because of the
complexities involved
Assume all dynamic forces act about the center of
gravity of the part
Form:


n is referred to as the load factor. For steady state
flight, the load factor is 1.0
F W
a
g
Wn where n
a
g
grav
= +
|
\

|
.
| = = +
|
\

|
.
| 1 1
22
Dynamic Forces
Calculate the load, P, at the two attach
points for steady level flight and a 6.0
g pull-up.

Note: JP8 fuel density is 6.7 lbs/gal
Weight at each attach point:
lbs W
AP
1295
2
110 7 . 6 370
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

lbs P
lbs P
n W P
g
g
AP
7767 0 . 6 1295
1295 0 . 1 1295
0 . 6
0 . 1
= =
= =
=


23
Summary
Equivalent Force Systems
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Dynamics and You