Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Idea generation. Product development begins with idea generation. Ideas can come from a variety of sources. Feasibility analysis. Feasibility analysis entails market analysis (demand), economic analysis (development cost and production cost, profit potential), and technical analysis (capacity requirements and availability, and the skills needed). Also, it is necessary to answer the question, Does it fit with the mission? It requires collaboration among marketing, finance, accounting, engineering, and operations. Product specifications. This involves detailed descriptions of what is needed to meet (or exceed) customer wants, and requires collaboration between legal, marketing, and operations. Process specifications. Once product specifications have been set, attention turns to specifications for the process that will be needed to produce the product. Alternatives must be weighed in terms of cost, availability of resources, profit potential, and quality. This involves collaboration between accounting and operations.
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2-Quality Engineering
Quality Engineering refers to a process of designing quality into a manufactured good based on a prediction of potential quality problems prior to production . Tools of quality engineering available are value engineering ,value analysis ,failure mode analysis and design review. Value engineering refers to cost avoidance or cost prevention before the good or service is created . Value analysis refers to cost reduction of the manufactured good or service process .
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2-Quality Engineering
Design reviews ensures that all important design objectives are taken into account during the design process . Design for manufacturability (DFM)is a technique for evaluating product designs to ensure they can be built efficiently using available technology .
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2-Quality Engineering
Failure mode and Effects analysis (FMEA)is a technique in which a product is listed along with the way it may fail ,the cause of failure ,the effect or consequence of failure ,and how it can be corrected by improving the design .For e.g. one of the components of a table lamp is the socket ,a typical FMEA
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Ratings
.Determine how serious each effect is. This is the severity rating, or S. Severity is usually rated on a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 is insignificant and 10 is catastrophic. .For each cause, determine the occurrence rating, or O. This rating estimates the probability of failure occurring for that reason during the lifetime of your scope. Occurrence is usually rated on a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 is extremely unlikely and 10 is inevitable. Detection is usually rated on a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means the control is absolutely certain to detect the problem and 10 means the control is certain not to detect the problem (or no control exists).
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ATM Example
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5-Product Reliability
Product Reliability is the probability that the product will perform as intended for a prescribed life time under specific operating conditions . The reliability of individual components must be greater than the reliability desired for the final product . The probability that the product will function successfully equals the mathematical product of the probabilities of all its subcomponents
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Improve component design. Improve production and/or assembly techniques. Improve testing. Use backups. Improve preventive maintenance procedures. Improve user education.
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Robot (P1)
Turning P2
Milling P3
Grinder P4
Rs= (P1)(P2)(P3)Pn
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Parallel Systems
Comp1
Comp 2
Comp3
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Products go through a series of stages, beginning with a low demand during market development ,proceeding through growth ,maturity ,high-volume saturation ,and finally decline The time span of the stages vary considerably across industries . For novelty products the span may be few weeks or months For other products the life cycle may span many years ,may be decades .
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Concurrent Engineering
Bringing design and manufacturing engineering people together early in the design phase to simultaneously develop the product and the processes for creating the product. Advantages: Manufacturing personnel are able to identify production capabilities and capacities. Early opportunities for design or procurement of critical tooling, some of which might have long lead times. Early consideration of the technical feasibility of a particular design or a portion of a design. The emphasis can be on problem resolution instead of conflict resolution.
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CIM
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. Through the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.CIM centers around a shared data base for four primary manufacturing Process viz .Engineering Design ,manufacturing engineering ,factory production, and information management
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CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computeraided design and drafting (CADD) , is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provides the user with inputtools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations.
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Components of Innovation
Basic Research is for the advancement of scientific Knowledge that has no specific commercial uses. Basic research may be in the present or potential interest to the company . Applied Research is for the advancement of scientific Knowledge that has specific commercial uses. Development is technical activity concerned with translating basic or applied research results into products or processes .
Implementation is activity concerned with designing and building pilot models ,equipments and facilities and initiating marketing channels for products or services emerging from research and development
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Solution
a) L(x)=k(x-T) b) x-T=0.05 $75=k(0.05) K=30000 The Loss Function is L(x)=30000*(x-T)(x-T) b)L(0.135)=30000(0.135-0.200) =30000(-0.065) =30000(0.4225) =$126.75
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Reliabilty
An automateted production system shown in next fig with three operations turning, milling and grinding .Individual parts are transformed from the turning center to the milling center and then to the grinder by a robot .Thus if one machine or the robot fails the entire production process stops .The probability that any one component of the system will fail however does not depend on any other component of the system .Conceptually we can think of the robot and machines are in series. A)If we assume that the reliability of the robot ,Turning center milling machine and grinder are .99/.98/.99/.96 respectively what is the reliability of the complete system ? B)Suppose the system is redesigned with two grinders that operate in parallel .If one grinder fails the other grinder may still work and hence the total system will continue to function .such a system is shown. what is the reliability of this new configuration ?
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Robot (P1)
Turning P2
Milling P3
Grinder P4
Rsystem= (P1)(P2)(P3)(P4)
Where R is Reliability
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Solution
The reliabilty of the system can be computed as Rsystem = (.99) (.98)(.99)(.96) = .92 or 92 % This means that there is .92 probabilty that the system will be working over a specified period of time . The probabilty of failure of each operation in the system is independent of the other .
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Grinder P5
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Solution
RG of the grinders
= RGrinder = 1-((1-P4)(1-P5)) = 1-((1-.96)(1-.96)) = .9984 = 99.84% Notice the Total Grinder reliabilty has gone up by adding extra machine . Total Reliabilty of the system using .9984 as the reliabilty of the grinders .Essentially we have replaced the parallel grinders with one grinder whose reliability is .9984 .Thus we have