Sukkur-Institute of Business Administration

Basics of Computer Programming

Course Mentor Irfan Ahmed

About Mentor

Major Projects:

Prediction of Terrorist activities Prediction of Number of Causalities after disaster

AATM (Adaptive Automated Teller Machines)

SLIM (Second Life Interactive Mentor) in Progress

MFF (Match Fixer Finder) in Progress

EQMS (Electronic Queue Management System)

About Mentor

Name: Ghulam Mujtaba Shaikh Qualification: Graduation from SZABIST, Karachi, 2004 Post Graduation from FAST, Karachi, 2011, Gold Medalist Certifications: SCJP, MCSE, MCTS, MCITP

Teaching Experience: Permanent faculty member at Sukkur IBA, since 2006 to date Visiting faculty member at NUCES, FAST, Karachi Visiting faculty member at MAJU, Karachi Visiting faculty member at BIZTEK, Karachi Visiting faculty member at NCPE, Karachi
Technical Experience: 2003 to 2006, working as a Software Developer at WAVETECH, Karachi Consultant at GEMSTECH Solutions, Karachi Consultant at UJHAA Software Solutions, Karachi

Course Objectives

Design for Dummies

Two main objectives 1. Learning about computers 2. Learning through Computers

Two achieve objectives, course has been divided into four (04) modules. 1. Basics of Computers 2. Windows 7 3. MS Office 2007/2010 (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) 4. The Internet

Course Distribution

Before Mid Term we will cover (6 Weeks) Basic Concepts of Computer Windows 7 MS Word After Mid Term to Final Exam (6 Weeks) MS Excel MS PowerPoint The Internet

Grading Criteria
Mid Term Final Exam Quizzes Assignments = = = = 30% 50% 10% 10%

Lets start First Module

Introduction to Computer Systems

Module I

Basic concept of computer Introduction and History of computers Software Technologies Hardware Technologies Introduction to Networking

Recommended Readings
Handouts No. 1 Distributed in class

Topics for Discussion

Computer Pros and Cons of Computer Parts of Computer Computer Science Information Technology Classification of Computer Types of Micro computers Computers in Society Information Processing Cycle Units of Data and their conversion Elements of computer Types of Software System and Application Software Types of System Software Operating System Utility Programs Language Translators

Computer

Computer is an electronic machine, that first takes input, then processes and finally gives output. Input Process Output

Computer is an electronic machine which converts data into information.

Data : Information :

Before processing After Processing

Parts of Computer

Parts of Computer

There are three Parts of computer, which are; Input Parts: Through which data is entered. Processing Parts: Through which input is converted into output. Output Parts: Through which we can see our required output.

Inside the CPU

Pros and Cons of Computer

Pros of Computer:

Speed Accuracy Diligence Powerful Memory Communication

Cons of Computer

IQ (Intelligent Quotient) Feeling Violation of privacy Impact on labor force Health Risks

Computer Science & IT

Computer Technology

Hardware (Tangible parts of the computer) Software (Intangible parts of the computer)

Information Technology

Computer Technology Hardware Software

Communication Technology Transferring of SMS, MMS, voice, Pictures, Video files and Audio files from on device to another.

Classification of Computer

According to Size

Micro Computers Mini Computers Main Frame Computers Super Computers Special Purpose Computers General Purpose Computers

According to Purpose

According to Function

Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers

Types of Micro Computers

Desktop Computers Workstations Notebook computers Tablet Computers Handheld Computers Smart Phones

Desktop computers

The most common type of computer Sits on the desk or floor Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations

Specialized computers Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop

Notebook computers

Small portable computers Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds About 8 by 11 inches Typically as powerful as a desktop Also called Laptop

Tablet computers

Tablet computers

Newest development in portable computers Input is through a pen

Handheld computers

Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones

Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access

A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities

Computers in Society
Computers are widely used in Home Business Entertainment Communication Education Government organization Health care institutes etc

Information Processing Cycle

Steps followed to process data Input Processing Output Storage

Units of Data
1 Bit I Byte 1 KB 1 MB 1 GB 1 TB = = = = = = 0, 1 8 Bits 1024 Bytes 1024 KB 1024 MB 1024 GB

Conversion of different Units

If we want to convert the lower unit into upper unit then we have to apply the rule of division, other wise we have to apply the rule of multiplication. Summary

Lower Unit To Upper Unit (Division) Upper Unit to Lower Unit (Multiplication)

Conversion Examples
Example No. 1: How many mega bytes (MB) are there in 2048 kilo Bytes (KB)?

Solution:
2048 KB = ? MB 2048 / 1024 = 2 MB

Conversion Examples
Example No. 2: How many kilo bytes are there in 2 mega bytes?

Solution: 2 MB = ? KB 2 X 1024 = 2048 KB

Elements of Computer

Software Hardware Types of Software

1. 2.

System Software Application Software

System Software

Operating System:

Its a resource manager. The bridge between the user and computer hardware.

Utility Programs:

It provide those services, which are not provided by the operating system.

Language Translators:

It converts high level language into machine language.

1. Operating System
Functions

of Operating System

Booting Provide User Interface Task Management File Management Memory Management

Types

of Operating System

Single tasking operating System multi tasking operating system Time sharing operating system Multi-processing operating system

2. Utility Programs

Data Recovery Utility Backup Utility Defragmentaion Utility Data Compression Utility Virus Protection Utility

3. Language Translators
Compiler Interpreter Assembler

Application Software

Application Software

Application softwares are those softwares, which have been developed to solve a particular problem, to perform a useful work.

Examples of application softwares Processors, Spread sheets, Excel etc.

are

Word

Application Software

Application Software

Application Software

Application Software

There are three terminological words, which are very common in application software world, which are;

Software Copy Right Software License Software Piracy

Software Copy Right

It is exclusive legal right that prohibits copying of intellectual copy without the permission of copyright holder.
The sign of copy right is . Example of softwares, which are copy righted are MS word, Excel, Power Point, Macro Media Flash, Adobe Photoshop.

Software Copy Right

Software License

It is a signed contract in which you agree not make the copy of software to giveaway or for resale.

Software Piracy

Software piracy is the illegal distribution of software applications for business or personal use.

It is illegal and punishable by law.

Types of Application Software

According to two categories application softwares have been classified, which are; On the basis of Copy Right On the basis of function

Types of Application Softwares

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

(2) On the basis of Function

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

On the basis of copy right, there are four types of application software, which are;
A.
B. C. D.

Commercial Softwares Shareware Softwares Freeware Softwares Public Domain Softwares

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

A- Commercial Softwares B- Shareware Softwares C- Freeware Softwares D- Public Domain Softwares

A. Commercial Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage purchase from market.

Example: MS Excel, Flash, Adobe Photoshop etc.

B. Shareware Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, freely download from Internet, but for limited time you can use it, after time becomes up, software becomes corrupted. Example: MS MSN, Anti Viruses etc.

C. Freeware Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, download freely from Internet. They never becomes expired. Example: Unix.

D. Public Domain Softwares

Not Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, download freely from Internet.

Example: Govt. Tax Softwares.

(1) On the basis of Function

On the basis of function, there are three types of application software, which are;
A. B. C.

Productivity Softwares Special Purpose Software Entertainment Softwares

(2) On the basis of Function

A- Productivity Softwares B- Specialty Softwares C- Entertainment Softwares

A. Productivity Softwares

These are those softwares whose purpose is to make user more productive at a particular task such as word processing (MS Word), Spread Sheets (Excel) and Databases (MS Access).

B. Specialty Softwares

After learning of the productivity softwares you may wish to familiar with more specialized programs. For Examples after using MS Paint you may wish to use Adobe PhotoShop, after using MS Power Point you may wish to use Flash etc.

C. Entertainment Software

Those softwares which are being used to entertain the users. Games are the examples of entertainment softwares.

Recap of the Lecture No. 2

Application Software Examples of Application software Terms used in Application software Types of Application software

Application Software
Chapter No. 3 Presented by: Ghulam Mujtaba

Application Software

Application softwares are those softwares, which have been developed to solve a particular problem, to perform a useful work.

Examples of application softwares Processors, Spread sheets, Excel etc.

are

Word

Application Software

Application Software

Application Software

Application Software

There are three terminological words, which are very common in application software world, which are;

Software Copy Right Software License Software Piracy

Software Copy Right

It is exclusive legal right that prohibits copying of intellectual copy without the permission of copyright holder.
The sign of copy right is . Example of softwares, which are copy righted are MS word, Excel, Power Point, Macro Media Flash, Adobe Photoshop.

Software Copy Right

Software License

It is a signed contract in which you agree not make the copy of software to giveaway or for resale.

Software Piracy

Software piracy is the illegal distribution of software applications for business or personal use.

It is illegal and punishable by law.

Types of Application Software

According to two categories application softwares have been classified, which are; On the basis of Copy Right On the basis of function

Types of Application Softwares

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

(2) On the basis of Function

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

On the basis of copy right, there are four types of application software, which are;
A.
B. C. D.

Commercial Softwares Shareware Softwares Freeware Softwares Public Domain Softwares

(1) On the basis of Copy Right

A- Commercial Softwares B- Shareware Softwares C- Freeware Softwares D- Public Domain Softwares

A. Commercial Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage purchase from market.

Example: MS Excel, Flash, Adobe Photoshop etc.

B. Shareware Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, freely download from Internet, but for limited time you can use it, after time becomes up, software becomes corrupted. Example: MS MSN, Anti Viruses etc.

C. Freeware Softwares

Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, download freely from Internet. They never becomes expired. Example: Unix.

D. Public Domain Softwares

Not Copy Righted Softwares

For usage, download freely from Internet.

Example: Govt. Tax Softwares.

(1) On the basis of Function

On the basis of function, there are three types of application software, which are;
A. B. C.

Productivity Softwares Special Purpose Software Entertainment Softwares

(2) On the basis of Function

A- Productivity Softwares B- Specialty Softwares C- Entertainment Softwares

A. Productivity Softwares

These are those softwares whose purpose is to make user more productive at a particular task such as word processing (MS Word), Spread Sheets (Excel) and Databases (MS Access).

B. Specialty Softwares

After learning of the productivity softwares you may wish to familiar with more specialized programs. For Examples after using MS Paint you may wish to use Adobe PhotoShop, after using MS Power Point you may wish to use Flash etc.

C. Entertainment Software

Those softwares which are being used to entertain the users. Games are the examples of entertainment softwares.

Lecture No. 6
Hardware Technologies

Introduction to Hardware

The tangible parts of the computer. The equipments like keyboard, mouse, processor, monitor, printers, scanners etc are the examples of hardware. The computer hardware fall into four basic categories, which are; Input parts Output parts Processing Parts Storage Parts

Introduction to Hardware

Input parts

Through which data is entered into the computer.

Through which we can see our required output Which converts input into output

Output parts

Processing Parts

Storage Parts

Which stores data temporarily or permanently

Storage Parts

Storage Parts

Two basic categories Secondary Storage devices (Permanent) Primary Storage devices (Temporary)

Secondary Storage Parts

Three basic categories Magnetic Storage devices Use Magnetic Technology Optical Storage devices Use LASER Technology Megno-Optical Storage devices Use Magnetic + LASER Technology

Magnetic Storage Devices

Use Magnetic Technology Most common form of storage Hard drives, floppy drives, tape All magnetic drives work the same

Magnetic Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Devices

Data storage and retrieval Media is covered with iron oxide Read/write head is a magnet Magnet writes charges on the media Positive charge is a 1 Negative charge is a 0 Magnet reads charges Drive converts charges into binary

Magnetic Storage Devices

Data organization Disks must be formatted before use Format draws tracks on the disk Tracks is divided into sectors Amount of data a drive can read

Tracks and Sectors

Magnetic Storage Devices

Finding data on disk Each track and sector is labeled Some are reserved Listing of where files are stored File Allocation Table (FAT) FAT32 NTFS Data is organized in clusters Size of data the OS handles

Magnetic Storage Devices

Diskettes Also known as floppy disks Read with a disk drive Mylar disk Spin at 300 RPM Takes .2 second to find data 3 floppy disk holds 1.44 MB

Why the capacity of Floppy Disk is 1.44 MB?

Why the capacity of Floppy Disk is 1.4 MB?

Tracks Sectors Total Sectors Total Sectors 1 Sector 2880 sectors 1474560 bytes 1440 KB

= = =
=

80 18 Per Track 80 * 18 = 1440 sectors one side

1440 + 1440 = 2880 sectors one sides

= = = =

512 bytes 2880 * 512 = 1474560 bytes 1474560 / 1024 = 1440 KB 1440 / 1024 = 1.4 MB

Magnetic Storage Devices

Hard disks Primary storage device in a computer 2 or more aluminum platters Each platter has 2 sides Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM Data found in 9.5 ms or less Drive capacity greater than 40 GB

Illustrated Hard Disk

Magnetic Storage Devices

Removable high capacity disks Speed of hard disk Portability of floppy disk Several variants have emerged High capacity floppy disk Stores up to 750 MB of data Hot swappable hard disks Provide GB of data Connect via USB

Magnetic Storage Devices

Tape drives

Best used for

Infrequently accessed data Back-up solutions

Slow sequential access Capacity exceeds 200 GB

Optical Storage Devices

Use the laser beams Five Categories CD-ROM CD-Writer DVD-ROM DVD-Writer Combo Drive

CD-ROM
Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) Media is CD (Compact Disc)

Most software ships on a CD Read using a laser A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps Standard CD holds 650 MB

CD-Writer

Two Media

CD-R CD-RW
Create a data or audio CD Data cannot be changed Can continue adding until full Create a reusable CD Cannot be read in all CD players Can reuse about 100 times

CD Recordable (CD-R)

CD Regrettable (CD-RW)

DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM Digital Video Disk Use both sides of the disk Capacities can reach 18 GB DVD players can read CDs

DVD-Writer

Two Media

DVD-R DVD-RW
Several different formats exist None are standardized Allows home users to create DVDs Cannot be read in all players Allow reusing of DVD media Not standardized Cannot be read in all players

DVD Recordable

DVD-RW

Combo Drive
Combination of CD-ROM, CD-Writer and DVD ROM Media are CD, DVD, CD-R and CD-RW

Megno-Optical Storage Devices

Combine the characteristics of Magnetic Technology and Optical Technology

Primary Storage Devices

RAM Volatile ROM Non Volatile

Primary Storage Devices

RAM DRAM SRAM SIMM DIMM Cache Memory

SIMM

DIMM

Agenda of Todays Lecture

Primary Storage Devices ROM

PROM EPROM EEPROM flash memory

Processor

Processor

Units of Processor ALU CU MU FPU Machine Cycle Fetch Decode Execute Store

Processor

Examples of Processor MMX PENTIUM-II PENTIUM-III CALERON PENTIUM-IV PENTIUM-D HYPER-THREADING ITANIUM SERIES

Note! We will discuss remaining input and output devices after the discussion of mother board, and some other important components and some commonly used devices.

Mother board, Ports and Cables and other useful devices

Mother Board

PS2
PS/2

(IBM Personal System/2)

Keyboard

Mouse

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

BIOS

is always there used to set up the computer's hardware

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) are powered by battery and thus do not lose their contents when the power is turned off.

i.e. programs that must kept current calendar and time

Ports & Cables - Types

USB PORTS

USB ports can connect up to 127 peripheral devices in a daisy chain

12 Mbps

MIDI PORTS
MIDI ports (musical instrument digital interface) specialized port creating, recording, editing, and performing music

Connects amplifiers, electronic synthesizers, sound cards, drum machines, etc.

IrDA
IrDA ports

- (Infrared Data Association) allows cable less connection with infraredcapable devices

Bluetooth ports

Bluetooth ports wireless connections up to 30 feet Keyboard Mouse Printer Mobile Digital Camera

Ports & Cables - Types

Ethernet

ports dedicated for LANs

Input devices
Key board Mouse Trackball Joy Stick Light Pen MICR Scanner OMR OCR OBR Mice

Keyboard

Mouse

Mechanical Mouse

Optical Mouse

Variants of the mouse

The trackball The trackpad The trackpoint

Track Ball

Track Pad

Track Point

Light pen

Joy Stick

Scanners

Touch Sensitive Screen

Digital Cameras

MICR

OMR

OBR

OCR

Output Devices
Monitor Printers Plotters Speakers Head phones & Head sets Data projectors

Monitors
CRT LCD Plasma PIXEL

CRT

LCD

PLASMA

Monitors and Video Cards

Size of monitor Measured in inches Measured diagonally Actual size Distance from corner to corner

Monitors and Video Cards

Resolution Number of pixels on the screen Higher number creates sharper images Higher number creates smaller images Resolution set by video controller not by monitor itself. VGA (Video graphic Array) 640x480 SVGA (Super VGA) 800x600

Monitors and Video Cards

Refresh rate Number of time the screen is redrawn

Modern equipment sets this automatically

Improper settings can cause eyestrain

Measures in Hz at some 72Hz or higher is good.

Monitors and Video Cards

Dot pitch Distance between the two colors Should be less than .22 mili meter

Video Cards
Device between the CPU and monitor Better cards result in better output Removes burden of drawing from CPU Have their own processor and RAM Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM Capable of rendering 3D images

Video Cards

Commonly Used Printers

Impact printers Generate output by striking the paper Uses an inked ribbon Non-impact printers Use methods other than force Tend to be quiet and fast

Printers

Impact Printers

Dot Matrix Printers

Inkjet Laser Thermal

Non Impact Printers

Plotters

Plotters

Large high quality blueprints Older models draw with pens Operational costs are low Output is very slow