SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

On Foreign Direct Investment

Dr.N.Moogana Goud
SJC Institute of Technology
Prof and Director

The Impact of

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

While announcing its new Export-Import Policy in 2000 the Government of India also announced the introduction of SEZs; deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs. Among all other incentives announced with the SEZ Act to woo the investment, the most lucrative are the100 percent tax exemption for industries on export profits for first five years and the provision of 100 percent foreign direct investment in industries under automatic route.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

SEZs have become a buzzword in recent years entirely a new concept and are basically modelled on the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) that came up nearly five decades ago. special Economic zone is a geographical region that than the usual economic laws in the country. . The basic motto behind this is to increase foreign investment.

economic laws which are more liberal

SEZs
deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs

Are specifically delineated duty-free enclaves

Countries which have Experimented with This concept

CHINA (Great Success)

UAE, MALASIYA INDIA, JORDON

POLAND, RUSSIA, PHILIPP INES

There are currently over 4000 special investment zones worldwide

Chinas first SEZ at Shenzen alone attracted over $ 30 billion in direct investment.
In countries like China, UAE & Malaysia, these zones havefocal points for foreign investments attracted over 20% of foreign direct investment contributed to country exports helped improve competitiveness of local industry, creation, local skill up gradation & technology absorption from FDI. job

In the year 2000 government of India formulated SEZ Policy and SEZ Act came into force in 2005
Over 234 companies received formal approval, 162 companies received in-principle approval to set up SEZs. The Indian government is expecting an investment to the tune of Rs.53,561 crore (USD 13274 million) and an additional job creation for 15,75,452 in SEZs by December 2009.

Special Economic Zones

Policy
Duty free zones, deemed foreign territories Units to be net foreign exchange earner within 5 years. No export commitments No limits on DTA sales FDI up to 100% permitted in almost all manufacturing activities Transfer of goods from DTA to SEZ treated as exports, Can be set up in the public, private or joint sector Single Window Clearance New Law on SEZ enacted

Incentives
For developer: Income tax exemption for a block of 10 years in 15 years For units: 100% Income Tax exemption for first 5 years, 50% for next 5 years and 50% of the ploughed back export profits for next 5 years Exemption from indirect taxes; excise, sales, services tax, etc. Freedom to raise ECB with out any maturity restrictions

Foreign Investment in India FDI

India welcomes foreign direct investment in almost all sectors. Foreigners can directly invest in India either by themselves or as a joint venture. Opportunities exist for investing in India in sectors as diverse as tourism and infrastructure, petrochemicals and mining technology and engineering, real estate, biotechnology, bio-informatics and nanotechnology. India is also being seen as the global destination for R&D, engineering design and prototype development and a manufacturing hub for high technology products.

FDI Policy
According to the current policy, FDI is not permitted in the following sectors Certain sectors, namely: Atomic energy; Lottery business/gambling and betting; Agriculture (excluding floriculture, horticulture, seed development, animal husbandry, pisciculture and cultivation of vegetables, mushrooms, etc.) Plantations (excluding tea plantation) Retail Trading (other than single brand retail)

Rationalisation of FDI Policy

Procedural further simplified New sectors opened Equity caps raised More sectors opened Equity caps raised Procedures simplified Up to 100% Under Automatic Route in all sectors except a small negative list

up to 74/51/50% in 112 sectors under Automatic Route 100% in some sectors Up to 51% under Automatic Route for 35 Priority Sectors

Allowed selectively up to 40%

Pre 1991

1991

1997

2000

2000-05

2006

India: FDI Outlook

2nd most attractive investment destination among the Transnational Corporations (TNCs) UNCTADs World Investment Report, 2005 2nd most attractive investment destination AT Kearney Business Confidence Index, 2005 Up from 3rd place in 2004, 6th place in 2003 and 15th place in 2002 Among the top 3 investment hot spots for 2004-07 UNCTAD & Corporate Location April 2004 Most preferred destination for services - AT Kearneys 2005 Global Services Location Index (previously Offshore Location Attractiveness Index)

Global Business Leaders on India

India is a developed country as far as intellectual capital is concerned JACK WELCH, GE India has evolved into one of the worlds leading technology centres.
CRAIG BARRET, INTEL

India can be the test bed for developing solutions for the poorest nations.
GERARD KLEISTERLEE , PHILIPS

India is handling the most sophisticated projects in the world. I am impressed with the quality of work

BILL GATES, MICROSOFT

Reasons that make India an attractive investment destination

Worlds Largest Democracy Stable Political Environment

English Speaking Skilled Educated Human Resources

World Leader in Outsourcing Young Population 80% is below 45 years

Growing Consumer Class Strong Economic Fundamentals

Investing in India Entry Routes

Investing in India

Automatic Route
General Rule

Prior Permission (FIPB)

By Exception

No prior permission required Inform Reserve Bank within 30 days of inflow/issue of shares

Prior Government Approval needed. Decision generally within 4-6 weeks

There are two routes for FDI in India Automatic Route FDI is permitted under the automatic route for all items/activities except the following Where the foreign collaborator has an existing venture/tie-up in India in the same field. There are certain exceptions investment by a Venture Capital Fund registered with SEBI; existing joint venture has less than 3% investment by either party;

FDI Policy contd.

FDI Policy contd.

Existing joint venture is defunct or sick Proposals falling outside notified sectoral policy/caps or sectors in which FDI is not permitted FIPB Route (Approval Route) In all other cases of foreign investment, where the project does not qualify for automatic approval, as given above, prior approval is required from FIPB. Decision of the FIPB is normally conveyed within 30 days of submitting the application. The proposal for foreign investment is decided on a case-to-case basis depending upon the merits of the case and in accordance with the prescribed sectoral policy.

Foreign Direct Investment in India

Fourth largest Economy (PPP) - A safe place to do business Largest democracy political stability & consensus on reforms

Largest reservoir of skilled manpower

Liberal & transparent investment policies

Long-term sustainable Competitive advantage - High growth rate economy

FDI in SEZ
Government has allowed 100% foreign direct investment under the automatic route in manufacturing sector in SEZ. The manufacturing sector covers all units except Arms, ammunition and explosive. Atomic substance Narcotics and hazardous chemicals Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks Cigarettes, cigars and tobacco substitutes

Fact That Attracts Foreign Investment towards SEZ in India

The incentives and amenities offered to the units in SEZs for drawing foreign investment into the SEZs, includes: Duty free domestic procurement of goods for operation, development and maintenance of SEZ units. Exemption from minimum alternate tax as per the Income Tax Act under 115JB. window clearance for state and central level approvals Freedom from state sales tax and other duties for development of SEZs The major amenities and incentives available to SEZ constructors

IMPACT OF SEZs ON FDI

Foreign direct investment continues to play an important role.

India has the opportunity to become a manufacturing hub for textiles, automobiles, steel, metals, petroleum products etc. FDI was estimated at $ 4 billion, without counting reinvested earnings The ministry of commerce estimates an investment of Rs 1 trillion in these SEZs in the next few years

The country's special economic zones have attracted foreign direct investment of over Rs 10,900 crore in the last three years, Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Jyotiraditya Scindia said (2005-08)

ring

However, export from the SEZ during the financial year 2008-09 has been to the tune of Rs 99,689 crore registering 50 per cent growth over the year-ago period

re er

The aim is to enhance foreign investment, provide an internationally competitive & hasslefree environment for exports, boost industrial investment
persuading the private sector to build social infrastructure that the states cannot afford

E.g.

1. Reliance has announced to develop 10,000 hectares of prime land adjacent to Gurgaon. 2. Reliances ambitious 14,000 hectares twin SEZs project near Mumbai is in fact going to be the second largest SEZ project in the world.

The government hopes that the SEZs will bring in billions of dollars in investment and create over a million new
India already has 11 functioning SEZs- 7 set up by the central government and 4 by private/joint/state sector. These 11 SEZs are functioning inKandla, Surat, Cochin, Santa Cruz, Falta, Chennai, Vishakhapatanam, Noida, Indore, Salt Lake (Kolkata) and Jaipur. Two others at Jodhpur & Moradabad are ready for operation.

The SEZ Act has brought in foreign direct investment. Nokia, Flextronics, Ascendas, Foxconn Tech, Apache Software and Brandix (a Sri Lankan textile company) have already invested in India because of SEZs. In the first year of SEZs, investment to the tune of $3-5 billion has been committed

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES- Fuelling Indias Economic Growth

FDI- 100% permitted under automatic route SEZ can be established either by the Central Government, State Government or any other entity

Simplified ProcedureSingle window clearance Exemption from customs/excise

duties Exemption from Service Tax

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES- Fuelling Indias Economic Growth- Cont Duty-free imports of capital goods and inputs for production for Export Liberal access to foreign exchange Encouragement to FDI Simplified, one-stop approvals Generous tax concessions esp. in early years Flexible Labour Laws Limitations on sales within the country Better Infrastructure (Power, Transport & Communications)

We will note the differences between China and India

EXPERIENCE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Unfortunately, the impact of zones on FDI is hard to gauge given the lack of data. Many zones do not track foreign investment flows separately, and data is uneven. Available data suggests that SEZs are an important destination of FDI in some countries.

In the Philippines FDI flows increased from 30 percent 1997 to over 81 percent in 2000 (UNCTAD, 2003).
In Bangladesh, $103 million of the $328 million of FDI inflows were registered in EPZs In Mexico FDI increased from 6% in 1994 to 26% in 2000 in China, SEZs account for over 80 percent of cumulative FDI

Challenges Before Emerging Market Economies

India and China, the two emerging market economies for their respective GDP growth. Let us compare how both India and China, the two emerging market economies are behaving in economic spheres.

As in the year 2005 the GDP in China was at $2.2 trillions compared to India at $700 billions In Foreign Trade 2005, China owned $1.4 trillions compared to $230 billions for India. In Foreign Exchanges Services 2005, China had $820 billions and India at $147 billions. With regards to Foreign Direct Investments $60 billions compared to India at $5 billions. as in 2005, China had

SEZ stir have no impact on FDI

SEZ FDI is a 'double- edge sword' that could be a mode of development at some places but not everywhere says Courtney Fingar, editor of Financial Times' global investments magazine JVDheldden, the Indian arm of FDI, also released a study called 'India as FDI Destination' .He says The country is not realising its full potential because of the business environment and policy- related impediments. The promise of $500 million-plus investment opportunities in diverse sectors in India was marred by the obstacles at various levels. Multiplicity of agencies are also undermining the investment efforts in the country.

Many agencies are engaged in doing similar activities relating to FDI -- such as FIPB, DIPP, FIIA, IC, SIA, and so on," the study said Bureaucratic delays, discretionary interpretation, vested interests, bias and subjective practices are retarding the pace of FDI in India, it said. Specific sectors include private banking where RBI approval is required for FDI beyond 5 per cent. The study said despite these impediments, India remains an attractive destination for its high returns in foreign investment at 20 per cent, compared to China (13 per cent) and Thailand (12 per cent).

Comparing India and China, Fingar said though both countries are most sought after FDI targets of multinationals, "their success story is quite opposite". "While others (including China) seek to move from attracting FDI in manufacturing and assembly-line operations to the service sector, India is doing just the opposite, from success in the service sector to the manufacturing, such as SEZs," she said. SEZs would be complementing India's success in the service sector, she said, adding the boom in retail and service sector of IT and IT-enabled services and BPOs had a 'knock on' effect on the real estate