Topic 2

Equations and Inequalities

Sections 2.12.8

2 Equations and Inequalities

2.1 Linear Equations 2.2 Applications and Modeling with Linear Equations

2.3 Quadratic Equations

2 Equations and Inequalities

2.4 Applications and Modeling with Quadratic Equations 2.5 Other Types of Equations and Applications 2.6 Inequalities

2.1 Linear Equations

Basic Terminology of Equations Solving Linear Equations Identities, Conditional Equations, and Contradictions Solving for a Specified Variable (Literal Equations)

2.1 Linear Equations

An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. x + 2 = 9, 11x = 5x + 6x, x2 2x 1 = 0 To solve an equation means to find all numbers that make the equation a true statement these numbers are called solutions or roots. A linear equation is also called a first degree equation since the greatest degree of the variable is one.

2.1 Linear Equations

An equation satisfied by every number that is a meaningful replacement for the variable is called an identity for example, 3(x+1) = 3x + 3. An equation that is satisfied by some numbers but not others, such as 2x = 4, is called a conditional equation. An equation that has no solution, such as x = x + 1, is called a contradiction.

2.1

Example 1 Solving a Linear Equation

Solve .

Distributive property Combine terms. Add 4 to both sides. Add 12x to both sides. Combine terms. Divide both sides by 4.

Solution set: {6}

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2.1

Example 2 Clearing Fractions Before Solving a Linear Equation

Solve .

Multiply by 10, the LCD of all the fractions. Distributive property Combine terms. Add 4s and 6 to both sides. Combine terms. Divide both sides by 6.

Solution set: {10}

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2.1

Example 3(a) Identifying Types of Equations

Decide whether the equation is an identity, a conditional equation, or a contradiction. Give the solution set.

Add 4x and 9 to both sides. Combine terms. Divide both sides by 2.

This is a conditional equation. Solution set: {11}

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2.1

Example 3(b) Identifying Types of Equations (page 86)

Decide whether the equation is an identity, a conditional equation, or a contradiction. Give the solution set.

Distributive property Subtract 14x from both sides.

This is a contradiction. Solution set:

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2.1

Example 3(c) Identifying Types of Equations (page 86)

Decide whether the equation is an identity, a conditional equation, or a contradiction. Give the solution set.
Distributive property

Combine terms.
Add x and 3 to both sides.

This is an identity. Solution set: {all real numbers}

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2.1

Example 4 Solving for a Specified Variable

Solve for the specified variable.

(page 87)

(a) d = rt, for t

Divide both sides by r.

(b)

, for k

Factor out k.
Divide both sides by
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2.1

Example 4 Solving for a Specified Variable

Solve for the specified variable.

(cont.)

(c)

, for y

Distributive property Subtract 8y and 8 from both sides. Divide both sides by 3.

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2.2

Applications and Modeling with Linear Equations

Solving Applied Problems Geometry Problems Motion Problems Mixture Problems Modeling with Linear Equations

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2.2

Example 3 Solving a Mixture Problem

(page 93)

How many liters of a 25% anti-freeze solution should be added to 5 L of a 10% solution to obtain a 15% solution?
Let x = the amount of 25% solution The number of gallons of pure antifreeze in the 25% solution plus the number of gallons of pure antifreeze in the 10% solution must equal the number of gallons of pure antifreeze in the 15% solution.
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2.2

Example 3 Solving a Mixture Problem

(cont.)

Create a table to show the relationships in the problem.

Write an equation:

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2.2

Example 3 Solving a Mixture Problem

(cont.)

Distributive property. Subtract .15x and .5. Divide by .1.

2.5 liters of the 25% solution should be added.

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2.2

Example 4 Solving an Investment Problem

(page 94)

Last year, Owen earned a total of $1456 in interest from two investments. He invested a total of $28,000, part at 4.8% and the rest at 5.5%. How much did he invest at each rate? Let x = amount invested at 4.8%. Then 28,000 x = amount invested at 5.5%.

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2.2

Example 4 Solving an Investment Problem

(cont.)

Create a table to show the relationships in the problem.

The amount of interest from the 4.8% account plus the amount of interest from the 5.5% account must equal the total amount of interest.
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2.2

Example 4 Solving an Investment Problem

(cont.)

Distributive property Combine terms. Subtract 1540.

Divide by .007.

Owen invested $12,000 at 4.8% and $28,000 $12,000 = $16,000 at 5.5%.

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12.3 Quadratic Equations

Solving a Quadratic Equation Completing the Square The Quadratic Formula Solving for a Specified Variable The Discriminant

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2.1 Quadratic Equations

An equation that can be written in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 Where a, b, c are real numbers with a 0, is a quadratic equation. A quadratic equation is a second-degree equation that is, an equation with squared variable term and no terms of greater degree.

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2.1 Quadratic Formula

The solutions of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0, are

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2.4

Example 1 Using the Zero-Factor Property

.

Solve

Factor.

or or

Set each factor equal to 0 and then solve for x.

or

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2.4

Example 2 Using the Square Root Property

Solve each quadratic equation. (a)

(b)
Generalized square root property

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2.4

Example 5 Using the Quadratic Formula (Real Solutions)

.

Solve

Write the equation in standard form.

a = 1, b = 6, c = 3
Quadratic formula

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2.4

Example 5 Using the Quadratic Formula (Real Solutions)

(cont.)

Solution set:
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2.4

Example 6 Using the Quadratic Formula (Nonreal Complex Solutions)

.

Solve

Write the equation in standard form.

a = 4, b = 3, c = 5
Quadratic formula

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2.4

Example 8(a) Solving for a Quadratic Variable in a Formula

Solve roots. for r. Use when taking square
Goal: Isolate r.
Multiply by 3. Divide by h. Square root property Rationalize the denominator. Simplify.
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2.4

Example 8(b) Solving for a Quadratic Variable in a Formula

Solve taking square roots. for y. Use when

Write in standard form.

Use the quadratic formula with a = 2m, b = n, c = 3p.

Simplify.

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2.4

Example 9(a) Using the Discriminant

Determine the number of distinct solutions, and tell whether they are rational, irrational, or nonreal complex numbers. a = 4, b = 12, c = 9

There is one distinct rational solution.

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2.4

Example 9(b) Using the Discriminant

Determine the number of distinct solutions, and tell whether they are rational, irrational, or nonreal complex numbers.

Write in standard form.

a = 3, b = 1, c = 5

There are two distinct nonreal complex solutions.

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2.4

Example 9(c) Using the Discriminant

Determine the number of distinct solutions, and tell whether they are rational, irrational, or nonreal complex numbers.

Write in standard form.

a = 2, b = 6, c = 7

There are two distinct irrational solutions.

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2.4

Applications and Modeling with Quadratic Equations

Sets of Numbers and the Number Line Exponents Order of Operations Properties of Real Numbers Order on the Number Line Absolute Value

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2.5

Example 4(a) Analyzing Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) Sales

Based on figures from 19902001, the equation models sales of SUVs from 1990 to 2001,where S represents sales in millions, and x = 0 represents 1990, x = 1 represents 1991, etc. Use the model to determine sales in 2000 and 2001. Compare the results to the actual figures of 3.6 million and 3.7 million.

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2.5

Example 4(a) Analyzing Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) Sales

(cont.)

For 2000, x = 10. million

For 2001, x = 11. million For 2000, the prediction is equal to the actual figure of 3.6 million. For 2001, the prediction is greater than the actual figure of 3.7 million.
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2.5 Example 4(b) Analyzing Sport Utility Vehicle

(SUV) Sales

According to the model, in what year did sales reach 3 million? (Round down to the nearest year.) Let S = 3, then solve for x.

Quadratic formula

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2.5

Example 4(b) Analyzing Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) Sales (cont.)

Reject the negative solution, and round 8.5 up to 9. The year 1999 corresponds to x = 9. SUV sales reached 3 million in 1999.

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2.5

Other Types of Equations and Applications

Rational Equations Work Rate Problems Equations with Radicals Equations Quadratic in Form

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2.6

Example 1(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Linear Equations

.

Solve

The least common denominator is 2(x + 1), which equals 0 when x = 1. Therefore, 1 cannot be a solution of the equation.

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2.6

Example 1(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Linear Equations (cont.)

Multiply by the LCD, 2(x + 1). Simplify. Multiply. Combine terms.

The restriction, x 1, does not affect this result.

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2.6

Example 1(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Linear Equations (cont.)

Now check.

Solution set:
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2.6

Example 1(b) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Linear Equations

.

Solve

The least common denominator is x 5, which equals 0 when x = 5. Therefore, 5 cannot be a solution of the equation.

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2.6

Example 1(b) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Linear Equations (cont.)

Multiply by the LCD, x 5. Simplify.

The only possible solution is 5. However, the variable is restricted to real numbers except 5. Solution set:
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2.6

Example 2(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Quadratic Equations

.

Solve

The least common denominator is , which equals 0 when x = 0 or x = 3. Therefore, 0 and 3 cannot be solutions of the equation.

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2.6

Example 2(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Quadratic Equations (cont.)

Multiply by the LCD, x(x 3).

Distributive property

Standard form
Factor.

The restrictions x 0 and x 3 do not affect the result.

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2.6

Example 2(a) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Quadratic Equations (cont.)

Now check.

Solution set: {2}

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2.6

Example 2(b) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Quadratic Equations (page 134)
.

Solve

The least common denominator is which equals 0 when x = 5. Therefore, 5 cannot be solutions of the equation.

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2.6

Example 2(b) Solving Rational Equations that Lead to Quadratic Equations (cont.)

The possible solutions are 5. However, the variable is restricted to real numbers except 5.

Solution set:
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2.6 Inequalities

Linear Inequalities Three-Part Inequalities Rational Inequalities

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2.6 Inequalities
An inequalities says that one expression is greater than (>), greater than or equal to (>), less than (<), less than or equal to (<), another. Always remember to reverse the direction of inequality symbol when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.

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2.7

Example 1 Solving a Linear Inequality (page 146)

Subtract 7. Divide by 2. Reverse the direction of the inequality symbol when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.

Solution set: {x|x > 6}

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2.7

Example 2 Solving a Linear Inequality (page 147)

Subtract 8.

Add 4x.

Divide by 6.

Write the solution set in interval notation and graph it.

Solution set:

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2.7

Example 4 Solving the Break-Even Point (page 148)

If the revenue and cost of a certain product are given by R = 45x and C = 30x + 5250, where x is the number of units produced and sold, at what production level does R at least equal C? Set R C and solve for x.
Subtract 30x. Divide by 15.

The break-even point is at x = 350.

This product will at least break even only if the number of units produced and sold is in the interval .
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2.7

Example 5 Solving a Quadratic Inequality (page 149)

.
.

Solve

Step 1: Find the values of x that satisfy

or

or
Step 2: The two numbers divide a number line into three regions. Use closed dots since the inequality symbol includes equality.
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2.7

Example 5 Solving a Quadratic Inequality (cont.)

Step 3: Choose a test value to see if it satisfies the inequality.

The values in interval B make the inequality true. Solution set: [3, 5]
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2.7

Example 6 Solving a Quadratic Inequality

.
.

Solve

Step 1: Find the values of x that satisfy

or or
Step 2: The two numbers divide a number line into three regions. Use open dots since the inequality symbol does not include equality.
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2.7

Example 6 Solving a Quadratic Inequality (cont.)

Step 3: Choose a test value to see if it satisfies the inequality.

The values in intervals A and C make the inequality true. Solution set:
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2.7

Example 7 Solving a Problem Involving the Height of a Projectile

If an object is launched from ground level with an initial velocity of 144 ft per sec, its height in feet t seconds after launching is s feet, where

When will the object be greater than 128 ft above ground level?
Set s greater than 128. Subtract 128. Divide by 16.

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2.7

Example 7 Solving a Problem Involving the Height of a Projectile (cont.)

Step 1: Solve the corresponding equation.

Factor.

or

Zero-factor property

Step 2: The two numbers divide a number line into three regions. Use open dots since the inequality symbol does not include equality.
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2.7

Example 7 Solving a Problem Involving the Height of a Projectile (cont.)

Step 3: Choose a test value to see if it satisfies the inequality.

The values in interval B make the inequality true, so the solution set is (1, 8).

The object will be greater than 128 ft above ground level between 1 and 8 seconds after it is launched.
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2.7

Example 8 Solving a Rational Inequality

.
Subtract 4. x 3 is the common denominator.

Solve
Step 1:

Write as a single fraction.

Combine terms in the numerator.

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2.7

Example 8 Solving a Rational Inequality (cont.)

Step 2: The quotient changes sign only where x-values make the numerator or denominator 0.

or or The values and 3 divide the number line into three regions.
Use an open circle on 3 because it makes the denominator equal 0.

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2.7

Example 8 Solving a Rational Inequality (cont.)

Step 3: Choose a test value to see if it satisfies the inequality.

The values in interval B make the inequality true.

Solution set:
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2.7

Example 9 Solving a Rational Inequality (page 153)

.
Subtract 4. 2x 3 is the common denominator.

Solve
Step 1:

Write as a single fraction.

Combine terms in the numerator.

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2.7

Example 9 Solving a Rational Inequality (cont.)

Step 2: The quotient changes sign only where x-values make the numerator or denominator 0.

or or The values
divide the number line into three regions. Use open circles because equality is not included.

and

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2.7

Example 9 Solving a Rational Inequality (cont.)

Step 3: Choose a test value to see if it satisfies the inequality.

The values in intervals A and C make the inequality true.

Solution set:
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