TCP/IP Internet Layer

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Internet Layer
Internet Layer is responsible for the following: Support of logical addressing for network components End-to-end data delivery. Routing (Finding the best path for data) Layer 3 devices PDU= packet

Internet Layer protocols are IP (Internet Protocol) ICMP (Internet Control Management Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Revere ARP) Routing Protocols ex. OSPF , EIGRP ,
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Layer 3 devices
Router :
- best path determination - creating routing table - connecting different LANs

All interfaces of the router are members in a multiple broadcast domain, and multiple collision domains
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Example
Find number of broadcast domains and number of collision domains

Solution :
no. of broadcast domains = 2 no. of collision domains
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=4
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IP Packet
IP packets consist of the data from upper layers plus an IP header. The IP header consists of the following:

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IP (Internet Protocol)

IP has the following characteristics

Provide Logical addressing

Provide connectionless best effort delivery of data

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IP addressing
- Each host in the network must have a unique IP address because duplicate addresses would make routing impossible - IP Addressing is a hierarchical structure as the IP address combines two identifiers into one number . the first part identifies the network address , the second part, called the host part, identifies which particular machine it is on the network. - IP address is a 32 bit (4 bytes= 4 octets) address that is mainly divided to network part (representing the network ID where the device is located in) & Host part (representing the ID of the host) - It is represented in a dotted decimal form, where each octet is transformed to its decimal value. ex. 192.168.1.3
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IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large, medium, and small networks. Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks. Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks, Class C for small networks, Class D for Multicasting Class E for Experimental purposes

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Identifying Address Classes

(0 , 127 reserved)

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IP address types

IP address could be one of three categories Network address Host address Broadcast address

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Network / Broadcast Addresses

- Network address : the first IP address in it which all host part bits = 0 - Broadcast address: the last IP address in the network which all host part bits = 1
no. of host bits

- other addresses are host addresses = 2 -Here are some examples: Class A B C Network Address 12.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.1.0

-2

Broadcast Address 12.255.255.255 172.16.255.255 192.168.1.255

Whats difference between local B.C & direct B.C?

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Subnet Mask

- 32 bit mask ( 1s followed by 0s ) - Used by routers and hosts to determine the number of network- significant bits ( identified by 1s ) and host- significant bits in an IP address (identified by 0s) - example :
Class A B C Network Address 12.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.0.0
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Default subnet mask 255.0.0.0 or 255.255.0.0 or 255.255.255.0 or

/8 /16 /24
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Octet Values of a Subnet Mask

Subnet masks like IP addresses can be represented in the dotted decimal format like 255.255.255.0.
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Subnetting
- Subnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to divide the network and break a large network up into smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or subnets. - Subnetting is done by taking part of host bits then add it to the network part

IP address

Network part

Host part

Subnet bits

Network part
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Host part
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Subnetting Example
Divide network 192.168.1.0/24 into 4 subnets
Solution: 4 subnets need 2 bits
192.168.1 . 0 192.168.1 . 0000 0000 to 0011 1111 192.168.1 . 0100 0000 to 0111 1111 192.168.1 . 1000 0000 to 1011 1111
0 - 63 64 - 127 128 - 191 192 - 255

192.168.1 . 1100 0000 to 1111 1111

subnet mask is 255.255.255.192 or /26 The first subnet is The second subnet is The third subnet is The fourth subnet is 192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.64/26 192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.192/26

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Subnetting Example
Divide network 192.168.1.0/24 into 4 subnets
Solution : - 4 subnets need 2 bits - subnet mask = 255.255.255.192

- interesting octet is 192

- hop count = 256 192 = 64 - The first subnet is
192.168.1.0/26

- The second subnet is

- The third subnet is - The fourth subnet is

192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.192/26

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Subnetting Example
Determine if this IP is network address or host address or broadcast address 172.16.5.0/23
Solution : - subnet mask = 255.255.254.0 - interesting octet is 254 - hop count = 256 254 = 2 - The first subnet is 172.16.0.0/23

- The second subnet is

- The third subnet is

172.16.2.0/23
172.16.4.0/23

172.16.5.0/23
- The fourth subnet is
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172.16.6.0/23
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So 172.16.5.0/23 is a host address

Subnetting Example
- Which IP address should be assigned to PC B ?

A . 192.168.5.5
B . 192.168.5.32 C . 192.168.5.40
A

B
192.168.5.33/27 ?

D . 192.168.5.63
E . 192.168.5.75 Answer : C
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Subnetting Example
- Given the choices below, which address represents a unicast address?

A. B. C. D. E.

224.1.5.2 FFFF. FFFF. FFFF. 192.168.24.59/30 255.255.255.255 172.31.128.255/18

Answer : E
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Public IP Addresses
- Unique addresses are required for each device on a network - Originally, an organization known as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) handled this procedure.

- No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP address because public IP addresses are global and standardized.

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Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses.As mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique IP addresses. However, private networks that are not connected to the Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host within the private network is unique.

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ICMP
Internet control message protocol announces network problems Destination unreachable Announces network congestion Source Quench Assists in troubleshooting Echo request and Echo reply

Announces timeouts
Time to Live exceeded
D:\>ping 192.110.1.140 Pinging 192.110.1.140 with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out
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