HSPA BASIC

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HSPA Motivations

3G Enables Wider Options of Services

3G Enables Advanced Data Services

HSPA for Higher Speed

What are the requirements for HSPA?

Data Rate Demand for higher peak data rates

Delay
Lower latency Capacity Better capacity and throughput

Better spectrum efficiency

Finer resource granularity Coverage Better coverage for higher data rate

UMTS Data Rate Evolution

Uplink Peak Data Rate (Typical Downlink Peak Data Rate Deployment) (Typical Deployment) GSM GPRS EDGE WCDMA Release 99 HSDPA - Release 5 HSUPA - Release 6 9.6 kbps 20 kbps 60 kbps 64 kbps 384 kbps 1.4 Mbps (early deployment) 9.6 kbps 40 kbps 120 kbps 384 kbps 10 Mbps* 10 Mbps

Applications Benefiting from HSPA

Voice-over-IP (VoIP)

Delay
Sensitive Error Tolerant

- Low latency, Quality of Service (QoS) control, fine resource granularity and improved capacity Video Telephony (in Packet Switched domain) - Low latency, Quality of Service (QoS) control, high data rates and improved coverage and capacity Gaming -Low latency, fast resource allocation

Delay
Tolerant Error Sensitive

Video Share / Picture Share - High Uplink data rates and improved coverage and capacity File Uploading (large files)

- High Uplink data rates and improved coverage and capacity

UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases

matured GSM/GPRS CN

+ UTRAN
+ WCDMA Air Interface up to 384 kbps (2 Mbps)

Bearer independent CS CN CAMEL Phase 4 UTRA FDD repeater low chip rate TDD mode

HSDPA (14 Mbps) IMS Phase 1 W-AMR enhanced Location Services 1800/1900 MHz

HSUPA (5.76 Mbps) IMS Phase 2 WLAN-Interworking MBMS Push-services

Release 99 1999

Release 4
Release 99

Release 5
Release 4 Release 99

Release 6
Release 5 Release 4 Release 99

2001

2002/03

2005

Year

HSPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle: Significant enhancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps in DL, and 2 Mbps in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time

Rel. 99 Dedicated pipe for every UE HSUPA (3GPP Rel6) Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL Pipe (codes and grants) changing with time E-DCH scheduling HSDPA (3GPP Rel5) Fast pipe is shared among UEs

HSDPA Basic

What is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

SPEED
CAPACITY
REDUCED DELAY

Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps

2 3 times improved system throughput

Reduced round trip time

STANDARDIZED
Smooth Upgrade

Integral part of WCDMA (3GPP Release 5) Short time to market with existing sites

HSDPA
What is HSDPA? A UMTS packet air interface 3.6 Mbps up to theoretical 14.4 Mbps peak/user Add-on solution on top of 3GPP R99/R4 architecture HSDPA terminals co-exist with R99 terminals No modification to the Core Network & Traffic Classes Difference between HSDPA and WCDMA today? More Content for High End Users (5x faster and lower latency of 150 ms) More Data Users per Cell (because it is ~10x more spectrally efficient)

Introduction HSDPA Basics

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) - Depending on UE channel conditions (CQI) - QPSK, 16QAM - Coding rate (1/4 - 3/4) - Data rate adapted on 2 ms time basis
Fast Retransmission - Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) - UE soft-combines data - Reduced RTT Fast Packet Scheduling (PS) Scheduling of users on 2 ms time basis New radio channels included for HSDPA - DL: HS-(P)DSCH, HS-SCCH - UL: HS-DPCCH It is important tonote that downlink HSDPA is a shared data channel - End user throughput depends on the number of the other users on the same HSDPA cell - Capacity planning and dimensioning of HSDPA is different to non-real time (NRT) DCH bearer

HSDPA Basic Principles

Dynamic Power Allocation

Efficient power & spectrum utilisation

Shared Channel Transmission

Dynamically shared in time & code domain

Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining

Reduced round trip delay

Higher-order Modulation
16QAM in complement to QPSK for higher peak bit rates

Fast Link Adaptation

Data rate adapted to radio conditions on 2 ms time basis
2 ms

Fast Radio Channel Dependent Scheduling

Scheduling of users on 2 ms time basis

Short TTI (2 ms)

Reduced round trip delay

Dynamic Power Allocation

3GPP Release 99
Power Power

3GPP Release 5

Total cell power

Total cell power

Unused power

Used for HSDPA

Dedicated channels (power controlled) Common channels t Power usage with dedicated channels

Dedicated channels (power controlled) Common channels

t
Power usage with dedicated channels

Shared Channel Transmission

A set of radio resources dynamically shared among multiple users, primarily in the time domain.
SF=1

SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16

Channelization codes allocated for HS-DSCH transmission 5 codes (example)

TTI

Shared channelization codes

User #1

User #2

User #3

User #4

Up to 15 codes (SF16) can be allocated and shared between the users. It also depends on what the UE can support.

Shared Channel Transmission

Multi Code Operation
SF = 1 2 4 8
C8,0 = [11111111] C4,0 = [1111]

SF = 16
C16,0 = [.........] C16,1 = [.........] C16,2 = [.........] C16,3 = [.........] C16,4 = [.........] C16,5 = [.........] C16,6 = [.........] C16,7= [.........] C16,8 = [.........] C16,9 = [.........] C16,10 = [........] C16,11 = [........] C16,12 = [........] C16,13 = [........] C16,14 = [........] C16,15 = [........]

...

256

512

C8,1 = [1111-1-1-1-1]
C2,0 = [11] C8,2 = [11-1-111-1-1] C4,1 = [11-1-1] C8,3 = [11-1-1-1-111] C1,0 = [1] C8,4 = [1-11-11-11-1] C4,2 = [1-11-1] C8,5 = [1-11-1-11-11] C2,1 = [1-1] C8,6 = [1-1-111-1-11] C4,3 = [1-1-11] C8,7 = [1-1-11-111-1]

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

UE sends CQI info in the UL to aid rate adaptation and scheduling

CQI (1-30) provides the Node B with a measure of the UE's perceived channel quality and the UE receiver performance
The CQI report estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to the UE using a certain assumed power with a block error rate of 10%
Modulation (QPSK, 16QAM) self-adaptive Good channel state: 16QAM
CQI (Report periodically)

Bad channel state: QPSK Coding rate (1/3, 3/4, etc.) self-adaptive Node B Good channel state: 3/4 Bad channel state: 1/3

Fast Link Adaptation

Rate control Adjusts data rate based on the Radio conditions (CQI) Fast Adaptation : 2 ms TTI basis Adaptive Modulation (QPSK and 16 QAM) and Coding Use available power

Power
High data rate

Total cell power

HS-DSCH (rate controlled)

Dedicated channels (power controlled) Common channels HS-DSCH with dynamic power allocation t

Low data rate

Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining

HARQ
For Fast retransmissions

Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining

During retransmission, the UW employs soft combining.

1st Decoding in UE

2nd Decoding in UE

Final Picture

Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling Fast Scheduling

Fast Scheduling in the Time domain (1): Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 2ms assigned to users A short TTI reduces round-trip time and improves the tracking of channel variations the length of HSDPA sub-frame (TTI) is 3 slots (7680 chips)
Data Ndata1 bits Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 k bits (k=4)

in the Node-B

Slot #0

Slot#1 1 HS-PDSCH subframe: T f = 2 ms

Slot #2

HSPA Basics

Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling

Fast Scheduling
in the Node-B

Fast Scheduling in the Time domain (2): Transmission is based on: Channel Quality UE Capabilities Current load in the cell (available resources / buffer status) Traffic Priority classes / QoS classes UE Feedback (ACK/NACK) Fast Scheduling in the code Domain Up to 15 codes in parallel per TTI

HSPA Basics

Queue Selection Algorithms

Round Robin RR: Assigns sub-frames in rotation

User at cell edge served as frequently as user at cell centre

Doesnt account for UEs channel conditions Low total throughput in cell

If no data have to be transferred to certain UE then sub-frame assigned to next UE

Proportional Fair PF:

Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by UE
Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR

Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric

Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)

High Order modulation: 16QAM Code Multiplexing: up to 15 codes in parallel User can be code and time multiplexed (TTI= 2ms)

Codes

TTI = 2ms

Fixed Spreading Factor, SF=16

-> 3.84Mcps/16 = 240 K symbols/s

User 3

-> @ 16QAM -> 240 x 4 = 960 kbps -> @ code rate = 3/4 -> 720 kbps

User 2

User 1

720 kbps bit rate can be achieved per code -> 10.8 Mbps over 15 codes

Time and Code multiplexing in HSDPA

HSPA Basics

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC) 16 QAM allows twice the data rate to a user compared to QPSK Currently all R99 channels use QPSK 16 QAM will only be possible for users within a limited radius of the NodeB (<20 % of the cell area ?) The Adaptive Modulation Coding scheme : can be controlled (changed) every 2 ms TTI to account for changing radio conditions can be different for different users in different radio conditions
SF = 16 240 ksymb/s Multi-Code operation: 1..15 codes 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC)

t
5

Number of allocated codes

UE 1

UE 3 UE 2

UE 1 UE 3 UE 2

UE 1

UE 3

UE 1 UE 3 UE 2 Time etc

QPSK TTI 0 2ms

16 QAM TTI 1

QPSK TTI 2

16 QAM 16 QAM TTI 3 TTI 4

QPSK TTI 5

user in a changing user in a good radio channel radio channel

user in a poor radio channel

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC) Coding is used to protect the user data bits from errors HSDPA has a very flexible coding scheme which can vary every 2ms and between each user This allows a much more varied distribution of data rates within a cell Higher rates in very good radio conditions near the NodeB Higher rates compared to R99 on cell edge

UE Support for AMC

Maximum data rate possible to a single user depends heavily on the UE they are using There are 12 categories defined in the standards for different levels of HSDPA support
Category
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Codes
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 15 15 5 5

Inter-TTI
3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Modulation
QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK only QPSK only

Data rate
1.2 Mbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 0.9 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

The big picture for HSDPA

Node B
Backhaul RNC Core Network HLR

Increased processing power (HW) RF power allocation to HSDPA (min,max) Management of new device categories & signalling ch. Software upgrade

Additional Additional

backhaul capacity bandwidth to support Software upgrade higher data rates

Additional

capacity

Extended QoS

field for HSDPA devices (for data rates >8 Mbps)

Summary of HSDPA key benefits

Adapted to bursty traffic (statistical Adapted to variablethroughput flows Multiplexing benefit)

Throughputs of : Up to 3.6 Mbps with QPSK Up to 14 Mbps with

16QAM

High Speed

Downlink Packet
Access
Cost effective Quicker response time Mix of HSDPA and dedicated traffic possible on same carrier

HSPA Basics

HSDPA Limitations
HSDPA does not respond for the following needs High uplink speed (uploading, video calls, video conferences, browsing, online gaming, E-commerce) Large capacity (Limited number of users) Limited coverage (WCDMA has lower coverage than GSM in rural areas WCDMA infrastructure is not profitable)

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS: 1. HSUPA significantly improved uplink 2. WiMAX significantly improved capacity 3. CDMA2000 increased coverage

Fabricio Martinez

HSDPA Channels

Physical Channel Overview

High-Speed Physical DL Shared Channel

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH
High Speed Shared Control Channel

High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

HS-DPCCH

Node B MAC-hs

Dedicated Channel (Rel. 99)

associated DCH

F-DPCH
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)

HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel Transfer of actual HSDPA data 5 - 15 code channels QPSK or 16QAM modulation 2 ms TTIs Fixed SF16

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4 SF= 8

SF=16
allocated for other channels

Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH

HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel
L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame e.g. UE Identity, Channelisation Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information Fixed SF128 transmitted 2 slots in advance to HS-PDSCHs NSN implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH more than 1 HS-SCCH required when Code Multiplexing is used Up to 4 HS-SCCHs Codes
SF16 HS-PDSCH
15

User 1

User 2

User 3

User 4

Subframe 2 ms

10

Time
TBS: Transport Block Size

HS-DPCCH
UL HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
MAC-hs Ack/Nack information (send when data received) Channel Quality Information (CQI reports send every 4ms, hardcoded period) Fixed SF 256 1 Slot = 2560 chip 2 Slots = 5120 chip CQI (20 bit) Channel Quality Indication

HARQ-ACK (10 bit)

1 HS-DPCCH Subframe = 2ms

Subframe # 0

Subframe # i

Subframe # N

CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1; 1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality

HS-DPCCH & CQI

CQI P-CPICH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

TB Size
137 173 233 317 377 461 650 792 931 1262 1483 1742 2279 2583 3319 3565 4189 4664 5287 5887 6554 7168 9719 11418 14411 14411 14411 14411 14411 14411

# codes Modulation
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 8 10 12 12 12 12 12 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

UE observes P-CPICH (Ec/Io) CQI*

CQI used for:

Link Adaptation decision Packet Scheduling decision

14 15 16 17 18

ACK/NACK used for:

H-ARQ process
Link Adaptation decision HS-SCCH power adaptation

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

* UE internal (proprietary) process TB Size [bit] CQI value 0: N/A (Out of range) = Reference Power Adjustment (Power Offset) [dB]

26 27 28 29 30

Associated DCH (DL & UL)

DL DPCH: Associated Dedicated Physical Channel
Transfer of L3 signalling messages Speech - AMR Power control commands for associated UL DPCH

UL DPCH: (DPDCH & DPCCH)

Transfer of L3 signalling messages Transfer of UL data 16 / 64 / 128 / 384 kbps, e.g. TCP acknowledgements Speech - AMR

DPDCH / DPCCH (time multiplexed)

DPDCH: L3 signalling; AMR DPCCH: TPC for UL DPCH power control

DPDCH: L3 signalling, AMR; TCP ACKs;

16 / 64 / 128 348 kbps

DPCCH: TPC, Pilot, TFCI

Fractional DPCH: F-DPCH (DL)

The Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH): was introduced in 3GPP Rel. 6 replaces the DL DPCCH when the DL DPDCH is not present, i.e. both application data and SRB are transferred using HSDPA includes Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits but excludes TFCI & Pilot bits TFCI bits - no longer required as there is no DPDCH Pilot bits - no longer required as TPC bits are used for SIR measurements increases efficiency by allowing up to 10 UE to share the same DL SF256 channelisation code - time multiplexed one after another
1 time slot 2560 chips 256 chips Tx Off

TPC

Tx Off

Slot #i

HSUPA Basics

HSUPA Introduction
HSUPA: High Speed Uplink Packet Access
3GPP release 6 feature Also called Enhanced DCH or Enhanced Uplink Purposes: Boost uplink data performances in terms of higher throughput, reduced delay and higher capacity Balance uplink traffic performance with downlink HSDPA Mandatory step for VoIP

43 | HSPA Basics

HSUPA Overview

1-4 Code Multi-Code transmission

TTI = 10 ms

Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy

Fast Power Control

NodeB ControlledS cheduling

Benefit Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps Higher Capacity: +50-100% Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms

HSUPA Key Features

Scheduling at Node-B

Shorter TTI
10 or 2ms

HSUPA HARQ
for fast
retransmissions

45 | HSPA Basics

HSUPA Key Feature: H-ARQ

H-ARQ
For Fast retransmissions
RLC ACK/NACK

Hybrid-Automatic Repeat Request Retransmission with chase combining or incremental redundancy Packet Terminated in Node-B Smaller delay Higher BLER target -> smaller Transmit Power and interference -> Higher capacity
46 | HSPA Basics

Packet

L1 ACK/NACK

Retransmission Retransmission

R99 DCH

R6 E-DCH

HSUPA Key Feature Scheduling (1)

Scheduling
in the Node-B
L3 Resource Allocation

Scheduling in the Node-B Not anymore handled by the RNC Whenever the UE stops the transmission or reduces the data rate, the free capacity can be quickly allocated to another UE Algorithm is vendor dependent

Data transmission

Scheduling Info

Scheduling Assignment

R6 E-DCH

47 | HSPA Basics

HSUPA Key Feature Scheduling (2)

Scheduling
in the Node-B RoT Maximum allowable noise rise

UE 1 UE 2

UE 3 UE 2 UE 1

UE 3 UE 2

Shared resource is the total Uplink interference eg Rise over Thermal Noise, RoT or interference margin The Node B controls the allocation of this margin Selects the best Transport Format Combination (TFC) for a given UE according to the available interference margin (left over R99) and schedules the UE
48 | HSPA Basics

UE 1

UE 1

TTI 0

TTI 1

TTI 2

TTI 3 Time

DCH services
(eg voice and video)

HSUPA Channels

Physical Channel Overview

Scheduling information (MAC-e on E-DPDCH) or happy bit (E-DPCCH)

Scheduling Request

E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel E-RNTI & max. power ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH (Absolute Grant)

E-AGCH

Scheduling Grants

E-DCH Relative Grant Channel UP / HOLD / DOWN (Relative Grant)

E-RGCH

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit

E-DPCCH

UE

Node B

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel User data & CRC E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel ACK/NACK
RSN: Re-transmission sequence number

E-DPDCH

New Physical Channels

HSUPA : New physical channels: Uplink: E-DPDCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel E-DPCCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel Downlink E-AGCH:E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel E-RGCH:E-DCH Relative Grant Channel E-HICH:E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel

51 | HSPA Basics

New Physical Channels

E-DPDCH SF 2 to 256, Uplink, Dedicated channel Multicode possible: 2xSF4, 2xSF2, 2xSF2+2xSF4 Information sent on this channel: Data E-DPCCH SF 256, Uplink, Dedicated channel Information sent on this channel: E-TFCI: E-DCH Transport Format Combination Indicator (ie indicates the transport block size used on E-DPDCH) RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number (informs about the HARQ sequence number of the transport block sent on E-DPDCH ie 0 if first transmission, 1,2or 3 if retransmission) Happy bit: indicates if the UE is happy with current data rate or if a higher power can be used.

52 | HSPA Basics

HSUPA UE Categories

Mac-e data rates

Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.76 Mbps 1.46 Mbps capability expected initially

53 | HSPA Basics

Summary of HSUPA benefits

Deployed as an overlay of R99 and R5 networks

Better usage of the resources (interference)

UE Throughputs up to 5.8Mbps
Up to 1.4Mbps in a first step

30-70% increase in system capacity 50% increase in user packet call throughput UL coverage improvement for high data bit rate

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

20-55% reduction in enduser packet call delay

New services

VoIP, Mobile Gaming, Video Conferencing

New revenues for operators & better QoS for users

54 | HSPA Basics

HSPA mobility
HSDPA Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time Notice that soft/softer handover is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH
Serving HS-DSCH cell

HS-PDSCH
DPCH

DPCH

HSUPA Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power

Physical Channel Overview R99/R5/R6

Node B

256)

128)

UE

HSPA UE Evolution

Rel5 HSDPA for downlink

714 Mbit/s Category 710

Rel6 HSUPA for uplink

HSDPA handsets 2nd generation
5 Mbit/s

Category 5, 6 3.6 Mbit/s

HSDPA handsets 1st generation

HSUPA handsets & PC cards 2nd generation

TTI=2 ms

Category 11, 12 0.9, 1.8 Mbit/s

HSDPA PC cards PS only

HSUPA handsets & PC cards 1st generation

1-2 Mbit/s TTI=10 ms

2005
57 | HSPA Basics

2006

2007

2008

Comparison with R99 DCH and R5 HSDPA

Cha nnel Channel Type Spreading Factor L1- H-ARQ Multicode transmission TTI length (ms) Adaptive Modulation Node B Scheduling Fast Power Control Soft Handover

DCH (R99) Dedicated Variable No Possible 40 / 20 / 10 No No Yes Yes

HSDPA (R5) Shared Fixed (SF = 16) Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No No

HSUPA E- DCH (R6) Dedica ted Va ria ble Yes Yes 10 / 2 No Yes Yes Yes

58 | HSPA Basics

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